Comment les règles et les flexibilités de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce peuvent-elles promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire des pays les moins avancés ?

The document argues that while WTO rules provide significant policy space for LDCs to invest in agriculture through 'Green Box' and 'Development' categories, these countries are primarily constrained by fiscal limitations rather than trade rules. It suggests that food security in LDCs can be improved by reducing trade-distorting 'Amber Box' subsidies in developed nations for key products like cotton and rice, and by easing non-tariff barriers and import duties to stimulate LDC exports.

• LDCs face a massive agricultural productivity gap compared to wealthier nations, with the richest countries producing 70 times more agricultural value added per worker than the poorest.
• WTO rules under the Agreement on Agriculture provide LDCs with substantial policy flexibility to invest in productivity without quantitative limits through Article 6.2 (Development category) for input subsidies to low-income farmers and the 'Green Box' for general services like research and infrastructure.
• The primary obstacle to agricultural investment in LDCs is not WTO regulations but a lack of fiscal space, driven by high debt, weak tax systems, and a 12% decrease in official development assistance (ODA) for agriculture between 2016 and 2021.
• Trade-distorting 'Amber Box' subsidies in developed and large developing countries hinder LDC producers; for example, removing these subsidies could increase cotton production in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East/North Africa by 12.1% and raise producer incomes by nearly 20%.
• Non-tariff measures, specifically Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), significantly restrict LDC market access, with an average ad valorem equivalent in agriculture reaching 21%.
• While some developed nations like Australia, Norway, New Zealand, and Switzerland provide 100% duty-free market access to LDCs, other preferential regimes still exclude key agricultural products such as coffee, oilseeds, and vegetables.

APA

Calvo, F. (2024). Comment les règles et les flexibilités de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce peuvent-elles promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire des pays les moins avancés ? International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-11/wto-rules-food-security-ldcs-fr.pdf

Chicago

Calvo, Facundo. Comment les règles et les flexibilités de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce peuvent-elles promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire des pays les moins avancés ? International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2024. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-11/wto-rules-food-security-ldcs-fr.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Calvo |first1=Facundo |title=Comment les règles et les flexibilités de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce peuvent-elles promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire des pays les moins avancés ? |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=October 2024 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-11/wto-rules-food-security-ldcs-fr.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{calvo2024comment, author = {Calvo, Facundo}, title = {{Comment les règles et les flexibilités de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce peuvent-elles promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire des pays les moins avancés ?}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2024}, month = oct, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-11/wto-rules-food-security-ldcs-fr.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }