Biodiversité et gouvernance minière : Sénégal et Turquie

This case study by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the integration of biodiversity protection into mining governance, focusing on the application of the Mitigation Hierarchy (MH) in Senegal and Turkey. It provides a framework for governments to balance economic development with environmental preservation, detailing how avoidance, minimization, rehabilitation, and compensation can be used to achieve No Net Loss (NNL) or a Net Positive Impact (NPI) on biodiversity.

• The Mitigation Hierarchy (MH) is a structured framework used by the mining industry to reduce negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. It prioritizes actions in a specific order: first, avoiding impacts through site design; second, minimizing impacts that cannot be avoided; third, rehabilitating or restoring degraded ecosystems on-site; and finally, as a last resort, implementing off-site compensation for residual impacts.
• Mining activities can cause direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts on biodiversity. Direct impacts include habitat loss, fragmentation, and pollution. Indirect impacts are associated with human migration induced by the project, such as hunting and deforestation for housing. Cumulative impacts result from the combined effect of the mining project and other surrounding activities. The World Bank identifies mining as the fourth largest driver of global forest loss.
• The Mako gold project in Senegal, located near the Niokolo-Koba National Park, implemented the MH to protect the Western chimpanzee. Avoidance measures included reducing the mine's footprint to approximately 300 ha (half the original size) and rerouting the access road. Minimization efforts involved restricting night driving and managing noise/vibrations. Compensation is managed through a 1,800 km² intervention zone in the south-east of the park in partnership with the Direction des Parcs nationaux and the NGO Panthera.
• The Öksüt gold mine in Turkey, near the Sultan Marshes National Park, focused on achieving a Net Positive Impact (NPI) on the Develi region. To protect migratory birds, the company conducted vantage point surveys and installed diverters every 10m along power lines. For flora, the mine established compensation targets at 120% of the expected net loss for vulnerable species (Campanula stricta var. aladagensis and Verbascum luridiflorum) and the Irano-Anatolian steppe habitat, using fencing to prevent overgrazing.
• Governments can improve biodiversity protection by adopting national policies that set explicit goals, such as moving from cumulative loss to No Net Loss (NNL) or Net Positive Impact (NPI). Recommended practices include requiring mining companies to collaborate with communities to identify priority ecosystem services, integrating biodiversity into Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA), and establishing clear guidelines for biodiversity offsets.

APA

International Institute for Sustainable Development (n.d.). Biodiversité et gouvernance minière : Sénégal et Turquie. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-03/igf-case-study-biodiversity-mining-senegal-turkey-fr.pdf

Chicago

International Institute for Sustainable Development. Biodiversité et gouvernance minière : Sénégal et Turquie. n.d. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-03/igf-case-study-biodiversity-mining-senegal-turkey-fr.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=International Institute for Sustainable Development |title=Biodiversité et gouvernance minière : Sénégal et Turquie |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-03/igf-case-study-biodiversity-mining-senegal-turkey-fr.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{internationalinstituteforsustainabledevelopmentndbiodiversit, author = {{International Institute for Sustainable Development}}, title = {{Biodiversité et gouvernance minière : Sénégal et Turquie}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-03/igf-case-study-biodiversity-mining-senegal-turkey-fr.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }