Everything you need to know about COP

The document provides an overview of the UN's COP process, detailing the outcomes of COP29 and the objectives for COP30 in Belém, Brazil. It highlights the tension between urgent climate action—such as the 'Baku to Belem Roadmap' to raise $1.3 trillion in climate finance and the submission of updated National Determined Contributions (NDCs)—and the influence of fossil fuel lobbyists and petrostates. The guide specifically critiques the role of industry lobbyists at recent summits and notes the contradiction of Brazil's presidency given its plans to expand oil and gas production by 20% by 2030.

• COP30, hosted in Belém, Brazil, aims to move into a "post-negotiation" phase focused on actionable plans rather than debate, with priorities including the launch of the Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF), a proposed $125 billion fund to pay tropical forest countries for protection.
• There is a significant gap in climate finance targets: while developing countries requested $1.3 trillion annually for the new collective quantified goal for climate finance (NCQG), developed nations only agreed to cover $300 billion at COP29.
• The 'Baku to Belem Roadmap to 1.3T' is intended as a guide to meet the $1.3 trillion finance goal through various means, including private and philanthropic investment, levies on polluting industries, and reforms to multilateral development banks like the IMF and World Bank.
• Fossil fuel industry influence remains a major obstacle; at COP29, 1,773 fossil fuel lobbyists registered to attend, and at COP28, nearly 2,500 industry lobbyists were present.
• Brazil's role as COP30 president is complicated by its own energy policies, as the country is the ninth largest oil producer globally and plans to increase oil and gas production by 20% by 2030, primarily through Petrobras.
• The process for updating National Determined Contributions (NDCs) is lagging, with only 20 out of 195 parties having submitted their third round of NDCs as of February 2025.
• The US's second withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, initiated by President Trump in January 2025, is expected to be official by early 2026 and may disrupt international climate finance contributions.
• The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage is set to become operational in 2025, with the board agreeing as of April 2025 to distribute an initial $250 million.

APA

Global Witness (n.d.). Everything you need to know about COP. https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-fuels/everything-you-need-to-know-about-cop/

Chicago

Global Witness. Everything you need to know about COP. n.d. https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-fuels/everything-you-need-to-know-about-cop/.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Global Witness |title=Everything you need to know about COP |url=https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-fuels/everything-you-need-to-know-about-cop/ |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{globalwitnessndeverything, author = {{Global Witness}}, title = {{Everything you need to know about COP}}, institution = {Global Witness}, url = {https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-fuels/everything-you-need-to-know-about-cop/}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }