Gender Assessment E-Mobility Program

The report analyzes gender disparities in seven Asian countries, focusing on national policies, economic opportunities, human development, and the transport sector. It identifies systemic barriers such as lower labor force participation, wage gaps, and limited access to private vehicle ownership for women. A critical finding is the prevalence of sexual harassment in public transport, particularly in Georgia and Indonesia. The document argues that the transition to e-mobility offers an opportunity to challenge sex-segregated occupations and improve women's access to jobs and loans. It recommends integrating gender strategies into investment projects to enhance safety and promote women's entrepreneurship in the e-transport market.

• Women in the assessed countries generally have lower labor force participation and earn significantly less than men. In Armenia, women's annual income is USD 6,100 compared to USD 11,700 for men, while in Indonesia, females earn an average of USD 7,800 compared to USD 15,400 for males.
• Public transportation is a high-risk environment for sexual harassment. In Tbilisi, Georgia, a 2014 survey found that 45% of women reported inappropriate behavior on the metro, with an estimated 3,800 sexual harassment incidents per day. In Indonesia, women are reported to be 13 times more vulnerable to sexual harassment on public transport than men.
• Women's mobility is severely constrained by limited access to private vehicle ownership and poor rural infrastructure. In rural Armenia, over 95% of car owners are male. In Kazakhstan, only 69.3% of rural towns and villages have regular transport connections, leaving rural women dependent on poor-quality public services.
• The transport sector remains heavily sex-segregated, with women underrepresented in technical and high-paying roles. In the Kyrgyz Republic, men account for 89.3% of employees in the transport and communication sector. In Uzbekistan, women were legally banned from transportation jobs until 2019.
• Gender-based violence and harmful traditional practices are widespread. In Kazakhstan, one in five women suffers from physical, sexual, or other forms of violence. In the Kyrgyz Republic, there has been a steep increase in bride kidnapping and early marriage, with 12.7% of women aged 20–49 reporting marriage before age 18.
• Women's travel patterns differ from men's, often involving 'trip chaining' where they combine multiple destinations such as schools, markets, and workplaces in a single journey, often while accompanying children or the elderly.
• While gender parity in primary and secondary education has been largely achieved in several countries, women remain underrepresented in STEM fields. In Armenia, women make up only 10% of engineering students.

APA

Green Climate Fund (2024). Gender Assessment E-Mobility Program. https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/fp225-g-assessment.pdf

Chicago

Green Climate Fund. Gender Assessment E-Mobility Program. 2024. https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/fp225-g-assessment.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Green Climate Fund |title=Gender Assessment E-Mobility Program |date=7 March 2024 |url=https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/fp225-g-assessment.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{greenclimatefund2024gender, author = {{Green Climate Fund}}, title = {{Gender Assessment E-Mobility Program}}, institution = {Green Climate Fund}, year = {2024}, month = mar, url = {https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/fp225-g-assessment.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }