Appendix: Closing the Rural Credit Divide

The document presents linear regression models based on 2017 Agricultural Census data to determine the impact of cooperatives and technical assistance (ATER) on the share of smallholder farmers accessing PRONAF in Brazil. The results indicate that both cooperative membership and ATER access are significant positive drivers of credit access across all analyzed regions, while illiteracy did not yield significant results.

• The analysis identifies that both cooperative membership and Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER) have a statistically significant positive impact on the proportion of smallholder farmers who access PRONAF across all Brazilian regions.
• The study used linear regressions with ordinary least squares estimators, incorporating state or regional fixed effects and controlling for illiteracy, though illiteracy was not found to be a significant factor in any region.
• Simulation results indicate a strong positive interaction effect between ATER and cooperative membership in relation to PRONAF access.

APA

Leal, A., Assunção, J., & Hoover, N. (2026). Appendix: Closing the Rural Credit Divide. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Apendice-Pronaf-EN.pdf

Chicago

Leal, Alan, Juliano Assunção, and Natalie Hoover. Appendix: Closing the Rural Credit Divide. Climate Policy Initiative, 2026. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Apendice-Pronaf-EN.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Leal |first1=Alan |last2=Assunção |first2=Juliano |last3=Hoover |first3=Natalie |title=Appendix: Closing the Rural Credit Divide |publisher=Climate Policy Initiative |date=March 2026 |url=https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Apendice-Pronaf-EN.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{leal2026appendix, author = {Leal, Alan and Assunção, Juliano and Hoover, Natalie}, title = {{Appendix: Closing the Rural Credit Divide}}, institution = {Climate Policy Initiative}, year = {2026}, month = mar, url = {https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Apendice-Pronaf-EN.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }