El Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el océano y la criósfera en un clima cambiante

The document details how human-induced climate change is altering ocean chemistry and temperature, accelerating sea-level rise, and melting high-mountain glaciers in Latin America. It emphasizes that while some changes are inevitable, urgent mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is the primary way to limit future damage. The guide highlights the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems and high-mountain communities, arguing that early investment in disaster risk reduction and integrated governance is more cost-effective than future recovery.

• Human activity has caused global average temperatures to rise 1°C above pre-industrial levels, with projections reaching 1.6°C–4.3°C by 2100 depending on emission reductions.
• The oceans have absorbed over 90% of the excess heat in the climate system, leading to a doubling in the frequency of marine heatwaves since 1982 and increased acidification due to the absorption of 20% to 30% of human-induced carbon dioxide emissions since the 1980s.
• Climate change is negatively impacting marine life, causing mass coral bleaching and shifting species distributions. In the Eastern Pacific, the Humboldt Current—valued at US $19.45 billion annually—is becoming more acidic and deoxygenated, which threatens fisheries and aquaculture.
• Global sea levels are rising at a rate of 3.6 mm per year, double the rate of the 20th century. By 2100, levels could rise between 29–59 cm under low-emission scenarios and 61–110 cm under high-emission scenarios, creating 'coastal squeeze' for ecosystems like mangroves and salt marshes.
• In the Tropical Andes, most glaciers have already passed their peak annual and summer runoff levels, and small glaciers are projected to lose 80% of their current ice mass by 2100 under high-emission scenarios, threatening water security for agriculture and hydroelectric power.
• Climate-related hazards in high mountains are increasing, including a higher frequency of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), landslides, and snow avalanches due to unstable slopes.
• Investment in disaster risk reduction is highly cost-effective; globally, every dollar invested in risk reduction is estimated to save US $2-4 in recovery costs.
• Coastal adaptation options range from 'hard' infrastructure (seawalls) to 'nature-based' solutions (restoring mangroves and coral reefs). While nature-based solutions provide co-benefits like carbon sequestration, their long-term effectiveness is limited by the degree of global warming.
• Climate change interacts with social inequalities to create compound risks. In Mexico's Coyuca de Benítez, women act as primary caregivers during disasters but have limited access to formal education and decision-making processes.
• Urban centers like Lima, Peru, are at extreme risk because 75% of their water supply depends on rapidly disappearing glaciers in the high Andes.

APA

Climate and Development Knowledge Network (2019). El Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el océano y la criósfera en un clima cambiante. https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/IPCC-Ocean_Latin-America_Spanish_WEB_24April2020.pdf

Chicago

Climate and Development Knowledge Network. El Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el océano y la criósfera en un clima cambiante. 2019. https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/IPCC-Ocean_Latin-America_Spanish_WEB_24April2020.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Climate and Development Knowledge Network |title=El Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el océano y la criósfera en un clima cambiante |date=2019 |url=https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/IPCC-Ocean_Latin-America_Spanish_WEB_24April2020.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{climateanddevelopmentknowledgenetwork2019informe, author = {{Climate and Development Knowledge Network}}, title = {{El Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el océano y la criósfera en un clima cambiante}}, institution = {Climate and Development Knowledge Network}, year = {2019}, url = {https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/IPCC-Ocean_Latin-America_Spanish_WEB_24April2020.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }