Competitividad y fuga de carbono: el caso de la economía vasca

The document analyzes the risk of carbon leakage in the Basque economy, defining vulnerability as a combination of high carbon costs and high trade intensity with non-EU countries. Using 2005 data, it finds that 11 sectors are at risk, representing 4-6% of productive activity and 6.5% of the total Gross Value Added (GVA). Key vulnerable sectors include oil refining and steel, while the majority of the economy (77.4% of GVA) remains unaffected. The author recommends protecting vulnerable sectors while transitioning toward a value-based rather than volume-based production model.

• The study estimates that between 4% and 6% of productive activity in the Basque Country is directly exposed to the risk of "carbon leakage."
• Out of 86 analyzed sectors, 11 are classified as vulnerable based on having a carbon cost (CC) exceeding 2% of their Gross Value Added (VAB) and a trade intensity (IC) with non-EU countries exceeding 5%.
• The 11 vulnerable sectors collectively account for 26.4% of CO2 emissions, 6.5% of the total Gross Value Added, and employ 38,000 people.
• Oil refining (Refino de petróleo) and steel (Siderurgia) are identified as key sectors at risk due to their significant size and position in the high carbon cost/high trade intensity quadrant. Other notable sectors include casting (Fundición), the paper industry (Industria de Papel), and industrial chemicals (Química Industrial).
• Certain energy-intensive sectors, such as electricity (CC=37.1%) and cement (CC=18.9%), face high carbon costs but low trade intensity, suggesting they may be able to pass these costs on to consumers.
• The majority of the Basque economy is not directly affected by the carbon factor; 51 sectors represent 77.4% of the GVA and 80.4% of employment, primarily consisting of service sectors.
• The author suggests that the Basque Country must progressively adjust its production model to move away from a focus on "volume" and toward one based on "value."

APA

González-Eguino, M. (2010). Competitividad y fuga de carbono: el caso de la economía vasca. Basque Centre for Climate Change. https://www.bc3research.org/h6T8Uy8Nm4gFs0O/201007150928041985349594.pdf

Chicago

González-Eguino, Mikel. Competitividad y fuga de carbono: el caso de la economía vasca. Basque Centre for Climate Change, 2010. https://www.bc3research.org/h6T8Uy8Nm4gFs0O/201007150928041985349594.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=González-Eguino |first1=Mikel |title=Competitividad y fuga de carbono: el caso de la economía vasca |publisher=Basque Centre for Climate Change |date=May 2010 |url=https://www.bc3research.org/h6T8Uy8Nm4gFs0O/201007150928041985349594.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{gonzlezeguino2010competitividad, author = {González-Eguino, Mikel}, title = {{Competitividad y fuga de carbono: el caso de la economía vasca}}, institution = {Basque Centre for Climate Change}, year = {2010}, month = may, url = {https://www.bc3research.org/h6T8Uy8Nm4gFs0O/201007150928041985349594.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }