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This report examines the relationship between land use and hydrology in the La Plata Basin. Key findings include the identification of optimal groundwater depths for corn, soybean, and wheat in the Pampas, and evidence that replacing pastures with annual crops increases flooding risks. In the Chaco-Espinal region, agricultural expansion has triggered groundwater salinization and the emergence of new streams. In Paraguay, deforestation of the Atlantic Forest increased water yield from 40% to 70% of rainfall. The report also argues that bioelectricity from fire-prone dry forests is a more carbon-efficient energy source than soybean biodiesel, which carries a significant carbon debt from land-use change.