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The document introduces the concept of sustainable development policies and measures (SD-PAMs), which align a host country's national development priorities with a lower-carbon trajectory within an international climate framework. It evaluates the merits and limitations of this approach and examines its operational implications through case studies in Brazil, China, India, and South Africa.

The study examines how different electricity supply systems—microgrids, solar home systems (SHS), and the national grid—impact rural households and small businesses in India and Nepal. While general electricity access reduces kerosene use and increases women's time for income-generation, the specific type of system influences outcomes: SHS are most effective at reducing kerosene use, while the national grid correlates with higher appliance ownership. The report suggests that improving developmental impacts requires supply standards, policy support for productive use investments, and further cost-effectiveness research.