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This report by Global Energy Monitor and the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) examines the conflicting dynamics of China's energy transition in 2024, where record-breaking clean energy expansion is occurring simultaneously with a significant increase in coal power construction and approvals.

This report by RMI examines the power procurement options and associated risks for green hydrogen projects, specifically focusing on the challenges of achieving hourly matching for the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act's 45V tax credit. It analyzes four procurement archetypes—Behind-the-Meter, Virtual PPAs, Physical PPAs, and Hybrid systems—and details how weather variability, logistic complexity, and grid volatility impact project bankability and economic viability.

This report by RMI outlines financial and policy solutions to decarbonize long-term coal power purchase agreements (PPAs), using a representative Indonesian PPA as a case study to demonstrate how innovative financial mechanisms can reduce emissions while maintaining costs for taxpayers and earnings for investors.

This guide outlines the risks and mitigation strategies for local governments using off-site renewable power purchase agreements (PPAs) to achieve clean energy goals, specifically addressing six types of risk and providing strategies for virtual and physical PPAs.

This guide from the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) introduces the Virtual Power Purchase Agreement (VPPA), explaining its mechanism as a financial instrument for corporate renewable energy procurement. It distinguishes VPPAs from physical PPAs, detailing how they allow companies to support new renewable energy capacity and meet sustainability goals without taking ownership of physical electricity or altering their existing utility relationships.

A letter from the Life After Coal Campaign to Eskom's leadership, urging the utility to reject power purchase agreements for two coal-fired independent power producer (IPP) projects—Thabametsi and Khanyisa—based on a study by the University of Cape Town's Energy Research Centre (ERC).

Taiwan has introduced a renewable energy credit (T-REC) scheme to allow nonutility and foreign companies to procure renewable energy directly from projects, aiming to reduce scope 2 emissions and support a national target of 10–12.5 GW of renewable capacity by 2030.

The Electricity Regulations on New Generation Capacity, issued by the South African Minister of Energy under the Electricity Regulation Act 4 of 2006, establish the legal framework for procuring new electricity generation capacity by organs of state. The regulations cover planning via integrated resource plans, feasibility studies, ministerial determinations, and the procurement of capacity from Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and cross-border projects, while specifically excluding nuclear power technology.

A letter from Eskom to the Centre for Environmental Rights stating that Eskom has not signed Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with Coal Baseload Independent Power Producers (IPPs) due to disagreements over terms and conditions, and that it is awaiting a value-for-money assessment from the Department of Energy.

The report argues that India's Firm & Dispatchable Renewable Energy (FDRE) tenders require a fundamental shift in how developers bid. It suggests that the current focus on levelized costs and CAPEX efficiency is insufficient for next-generation PPAs, which transfer more risk to developers. To remain competitive and sustainable, developers must evolve into 'Developers 2.0' by strengthening power market modeling, trading functions, and risk management to handle price volatility, volume uncertainty, and cannibalization risk.

This case study examines the Darling Green Solar Project in Swartland Municipality, demonstrating how short-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) and the Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) can be used to integrate renewable energy into municipal grids while maintaining financial flexibility.