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This research paper examines Botswana's experience with multilateral development banks (MDBs) in financing infrastructure, specifically focusing on the African Development Bank (AfDB). It identifies systemic delays in loan processing and procurement as primary challenges while highlighting the success of non-lending knowledge services. The document also evaluates alternative financing sources, such as public-private partnerships (PPPs) and domestic bond markets, noting that while these exist, they have not yet replaced the need for MDB lending.

This research paper examines the economic and social risks facing middle-income developing countries as they transition away from oil and gas production, emphasizing the need for place-based economic diversification and just transition strategies to protect workers and government revenues.