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The report details the economic importance of Paraguay's livestock sector, which contributes approximately 12% of the national GDP, while highlighting its role as a major emitter of methane. It identifies a significant gap in productivity, noting that 85% of producers are small-scale and only 22% use improved genetics with technical assistance. The document argues that increasing efficiency—through genetic improvement, reproductive technologies, and regenerative pasture management—can simultaneously reduce emission intensity and increase profitability. It references Paraguay's NDC 3.0 goal to reduce emissions by 20% by 2030, with a specific target of mitigating 2,570.3 kt CO2eq through Good Livestock Production Practices. The report concludes with recommendations for a multi-sectoral roadmap, the development of green financial products like Brazil's Eco-Invest, and the creation of a permanent inter-institutional working group to monitor climate goals.

The report identifies the livestock sector as a primary economic pillar and a major source of methane emissions in Paraguay. It argues that increasing productivity through genetic improvement, regenerative pasture management, and silvopastoral systems can simultaneously reduce emission intensity and increase profitability. The document highlights the need for integrated public policies, innovative green financing, and better local data to meet Paraguay's NDC 3.0 goals.

The report finds a significant gap in methane action within the dairy and coffee sectors, with only three companies setting 2030 reduction targets and 15 failing to disclose emissions for 2024 or 2025. While members of the Dairy Methane Action Alliance (DMAA) generally outperform non-members, performance varies widely, and dairy co-operatives are noted as lagging. Danone is highlighted as a leader, having achieved a 29.8% reduction in methane emissions from fresh milk and dairy products by 2025. The report also notes that major global supermarkets are currently failing to disclose methane emissions or set targets, and warns that upcoming EU regulations like the CSRD and CSDDD will make such disclosures a legal obligation.

Reducing coal mine methane (CMM) emissions is presented as a critical, low-cost opportunity to avoid 0.2C of warming by 2050 and prevent over 180,000 premature deaths annually by 2030. While the IEA and UNEP estimate that between 54% and 63% of global CMM emissions can be mitigated by 2030, current action is negligible, with only 130 of 1,800 active mines reporting mitigation projects. The most cost-effective methods include drainage systems, where 62% of the 7,460 kilotonnes of abatement potential is available at negative net cost, and ventilation air methane (VAM) oxidation, which could reduce emissions by 23.7% with a $2.5 billion USD investment.

Satellite observations of methane plumes from coal mines increased by approximately 1,400% between 2019 and 2024, yet a significant gap remains between theoretical detectability and actual monitoring. While 71% of global coal production is located in regions with favourable conditions for detection, only 10% of hard coal production has been observed via satellite. This discrepancy is attributed to factors such as satellite overpass frequency and instrument tasking priorities. High detection rates in Canada and Poland are linked to regional prioritisation by Carbon Mapper and regulatory scrutiny under the EU Methane Regulation, whereas major producers like India, South Africa, and Australia show substantial monitoring gaps despite favourable geography.

Global coal mine methane (CMM) emissions remained broadly steady at 34.7 million tonnes in 2023, despite an 8% increase in global coal production since 2021. This trend undermines the Global Methane Pledge's goal to cut anthropogenic methane emissions by 30% by 2030. Analysis reveals significant data gaps, as six of the nine largest emitters failed to submit official 2023 CMM data to the UNFCCC. Independent estimates from the IEA, GEM, and satellite data often diverge sharply from official figures, particularly in South Africa, Indonesia, and Russia, suggesting widespread underreporting and a reliance on outdated emission factors rather than mine-level measurements.

Coal mine methane (CMM) emissions remained steady at approximately 34.7 million tonnes in 2023 despite rising coal production, indicating a failure to align with the Global Methane Pledge. The report highlights a critical data gap, estimating that 89% of emissions were unreported to the UNFCCC in 2023 and that 87% of global production relies on generic emission factors rather than direct measurement. While satellite monitoring is increasing, it currently captures only 10% of hard coal production. Technically, 54-63% of CMM emissions could be mitigated by 2030 using proven technologies, with drainage station capture offering significant potential at negative net cost and ventilation air methane (VAM) oxidation capable of cutting nearly a quarter of emissions.

The document details the technical processes Ember uses to track coal mine methane (CMM) emissions, including how it fills historical data gaps using emission intensity factors and forecasts future emissions based on IEA production data. It outlines a confidence scoring system (0-6) for national reporting based on recency, similarity to independent estimates, and methodology robustness. Additionally, it explains how Ember calculates the proportion of surface versus underground mining and the percentage of hard coal production associated with satellite-detected methane plumes.

Ember recommends that governments mandate direct measurement and reporting for all coal mines, integrating satellite and independent data to identify super-emitters. The report advocates for banning venting from drainage systems, implementing binding reduction requirements for large emitters, and creating incentive mechanisms for ventilation air methane (VAM) mitigation. It further emphasizes the necessity of phasing down coal use and requiring comprehensive mine-closure plans to prevent ongoing emissions from decommissioned sites.

The European Union has legally bound itself to a 90 per cent emissions reduction by 2040, allowing a 5 per cent flexibility through international carbon credits starting in 2031. The author argues that Canada should follow this lead by operationalizing its use of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). By adopting a model similar to Japan's Joint Crediting Mechanism, Canada could combine climate finance with the export of domestic clean technologies to generate verified credits and open new trade channels. The document suggests shifting Canada's international climate finance from a model based on dollars disbursed to one based on measurable outcomes and technology deployment, citing methane reduction efforts in Chile as a positive early example.

A joint statement by EEB, Carbon Market Watch, ECOS, and Bellona evaluating proposed carbon farming methodologies. While acknowledging minor improvements regarding risk profiles and operator liability, the group argues that the methodology remains flawed. Key concerns include the failure to mandate pesticide reductions, the lowering of uncertainty deduction factors, the lack of social safeguards against land speculation, and the omission of livestock methane emissions from associated emissions calculations.

The Clean Air Task Force disputes industry claims, specifically a Wood MacKenzie study commissioned by the IOGP, that the EU Methane Regulation will disrupt oil and gas supplies. The author asserts that the regulation focuses on measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) rather than import bans or strict molecule tracing. The document argues that producers are unlikely to abandon the European market due to strong commercial incentives and the low cost of methane abatement. Furthermore, it claims that the regulation's phased timeline allows for market adjustment and that increased transparency can actually enhance energy security by reducing wasteful gas losses.

The document highlights that waste sector methane emissions are rising rapidly and will outpace fossil fuel and agriculture sector increases by 2050. It argues that national governments must move beyond treating waste as a local sanitation issue to establish national standards and financing. Finally, it asserts that regulatory frameworks must be complemented by public education and incentives to ensure compliance and reduce organic waste at the source.

The document outlines the environmental and social risks of fracking, highlighting its high water consumption and methane emissions. It specifically discusses Mexico's shift toward exploiting unconventional gas reserves under President Claudia Sheinbaum to reduce dependence on US gas, while noting the technique's controversy in Argentina and other Latin American nations.

The 2026 Middle East crisis, triggered by conflict in Iran, caused a spike in oil and gas prices and led some Southeast Asian nations to switch from gas to coal for electricity. However, the report argues that coal is not insulated from geopolitical shocks and carries high hidden health and climate costs. Analysis shows that replacing planned gas expansion with solar and storage would save ASEAN USD 4 billion by 2030, whereas replacing it with coal would increase costs. Despite this, ASEAN coal demand is projected to rise by 25% by 2030, driven largely by Indonesia and Vietnam, though Indonesia has committed to phasing out fossil fuels within 10 to 15 years.

The report finds a 'leadership vacuum' in the global food retail sector regarding methane emissions. Despite the critical role of methane in short-term global warming, none of the 20 largest retailers assessed publicly reported their methane emissions or set specific targets to reduce them. While European retailers generally outperform US retailers in acknowledging the climate impact of livestock, the overall sector shows a lack of transparency and ambition. The report recommends that retailers set science-based methane reduction targets of at least 30% by 2030 and shift their product portfolios toward a 60/40 plant-to-animal protein sales split.

The report outlines a five-step strategy for the European Union to achieve energy sovereignty by transitioning away from fossil fuel imports, which currently account for nearly 60% of its primary energy supply. It emphasizes that 89% of final energy demand can be met through electrification using existing technologies, which would significantly lower exposure to supply shocks since 81% of electricity production is domestic. The document proposes specific actions: accelerating electrification, interconnecting the European power grid, deploying energy storage to replace gas for balancing, decarbonizing heavy industry, and using the EU Methane Regulation to phase out high-risk imports from suppliers like Russia and the United States. Financially, the report notes that EU clean energy investments reached approximately 346 billion euros in 2025, but argues that 1,500 billion euros per year are needed until 2050 to complete the transition.

The report outlines a five-step strategy for the EU to transition from risky fossil fuel imports to domestic clean energy, emphasizing electrification, grid connectivity, flexibility, industrial decarbonization, and the use of the EU Methane Regulation to phase out high-emission imports.

The policy brief asserts that the European Union's reliance on fossil fuel imports—nearly 60% of its primary energy supply—creates critical vulnerabilities. It proposes a five-step strategy focusing on electrification, grid interconnection, flexible energy systems, industrial decarbonization, and the use of the EU Methane Emissions Regulation (MER) to phase out high-risk suppliers. The document highlights that 89% of final energy demand can be electrified with current technology, which would significantly reduce exposure to external shocks and improve industrial competitiveness.

The report identifies the EU's reliance on fossil fuel imports—nearly 60% of primary energy supplies—as a structural geopolitical risk. It proposes a five-step framework (Electrify, Connect, Flex, Decarbonise, and Shield) to enhance energy sovereignty. Key recommendations include increasing electrification, expanding the interconnected grid, deploying energy storage, decarbonising heavy industry, and using the EU Methane Emissions Reduction (MER) regulation to phase out high-risk suppliers like Russia and the USA. The document emphasizes that while clean energy investments reached approximately 346 billion EUR in 2025, they must scale to 1.5 trillion EUR annually by 2050 to achieve the transition.