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This report discusses the necessity and challenges of implementing a border carbon adjustment (BCA) mechanism in Canada to protect energy-intensive trade-exposed sectors as domestic carbon prices rise toward 2030.

This policy brief from the Stockholm Environment Institute outlines the potential for Border Carbon Adjustments (BCAs) to address asymmetrical climate efforts between countries, mitigate emissions leakage, and incentivize global climate action.

This briefing by the Stockholm Environment Institute explores extraction-based emissions accounting as a method to track greenhouse gas emissions associated with the supply of fossil fuels, contrasting it with traditional territorial and consumption-based frameworks to better assess economic risks and producer responsibility.

This research paper by the World Resources Institute examines policy options for rewarding 'early action' greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions within a proposed U.S. federal cap-and-trade system. It analyzes the environmental and economic implications of awarding credits 'under the cap' versus 'above the cap' and provides guidance on transitioning existing regional programs into a federal framework.

This briefing evaluates five methods for accounting for state-level greenhouse gas emission reductions and preventing 'leakage' within a potential United States federal cap-and-trade program.

This fact sheet from the World Resources Institute examines how varying international climate policies and the imposition of costs on greenhouse gas emissions affect trade competitiveness, specifically focusing on the risks of industry relocation and emissions leakage.