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The document analyzes the shift in Indian foreign policy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi toward a more assertive, geo-economic approach. It examines how India integrates Africa into its strategic calculations, particularly regarding energy security, maritime security in the Indian Ocean, and competition with China. The paper details the history of the India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS), the use of lines of credit (LOCs) for infrastructure, and the potential for aligning Indian engagement with Africa's Agenda 2063 and the Africa Integrated Maritime Strategy.

The document examines the shift in India's Africa policy from Cold War-era support for anti-colonial and anti-apartheid struggles to a modern approach centered on economic diplomacy and energy security. While India seeks to secure crude oil and LNG to fuel its projected economic growth, the author argues that its engagement remains 'development friendly' and 'Third Worldist,' evidenced by diversified trade, capacity-building initiatives, and multilateral cooperation through forums like IBSA.

The document evaluates the Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty established by G20 Brazil, arguing that while it addresses symptoms like hunger and poverty, it lacks an explicit focus on the root cause: inequality. It highlights a global trend where in-country inequality has nearly doubled between 1980 and 2020. The author urges South Africa, in its 2025 G20 presidency, to elevate inequality to a headline challenge, develop standard metrics for its reduction, and explore coordinated international actions such as a global wealth tax.

The paper analyzes China's international climate finance from 2013 to 2022, finding that China voluntarily provided and mobilized $45 billion (averaging $4.5 billion annually) through bilateral public finance, multilateral public finance, export credits, and mobilized private finance. This amount represents approximately 6% of the total climate finance provided by developed countries over the same period. The research aims to provide transparent data to facilitate global climate finance conversations and support the transition of developing countries in the Global South toward net zero pathways.