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The report finds that Berau can meet its palm oil production needs and fulfill mill capacities by 2021-2023 by improving agricultural practices and reaching 90% optimum productivity, eliminating the need for further land expansion. While company plantations operate efficiently, independent smallholders face significant barriers, including lack of land certificates, limited access to finance, and inefficient transport routes to mills. The region lacks CPO refineries, resulting in most crude palm oil being exported to other provinces or Malaysia. The authors recommend strengthening smallholder cooperatives, improving bankability, and analyzing the business case for local refineries to increase regional value addition.