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Analysis of Polylepis tarapacana tree rings in the Bolivian Altiplano reveals a severe drought period between 1316 and 1371 that coincided with the abandonment of valley-floor villages in favor of fortified 'Pukara' sites. This evidence supports the hypothesis that water scarcity triggered social conflict among Pre-Inca communities. The document warns that current warming, glacier shrinkage, and increasing demands from mining and agriculture may increase the risk of similar water-related conflicts in the 21st century.

Analysis of Polylepis tarapacana tree rings in the Bolivian Altiplano reveals a severe drought between 1316 and 1371 that coincided with the abandonment of vulnerable valley villages in favor of fortified hilltop sites (Pukaras). This evidence supports the hypothesis that water scarcity for consumption and irrigation led to social conflict. The document further notes that contemporary warming, glacier shrinkage, and increasing demands from mining, agriculture, and population growth are heightening the risk of future water shortages and political-economic conflict in the region.