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The document examines the role of offsetting in the aviation sector, specifically within the context of the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) goal to limit net emissions growth to 2020 levels. It highlights the establishment of the Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), noting that due to exemptions and non-participation by certain states, it is expected to cover only about three quarters of emissions above 2020 levels. The report aims to analyze the offsetting practices of over 30 air carriers to provide insights into industry trends and the quality of offsets used, which is critical given that cumulative demand for offsets through 2040 could reach nearly eight billion tonnes.

The document examines the transition from natural gas to hydrogen in gas turbines, detailing the physical differences between the fuels and the resulting engineering requirements. It highlights that while low-percentage hydrogen blends (~20% or less) can often be used with minimal modifications, higher blends require significant changes to combustion systems to manage NOx emissions and prevent flashback. The paper reviews the current capabilities and development roadmaps of major OEMs, including Ansaldo Energia, General Electric, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, and Siemens, most of whom target 100% hydrogen capability by 2030.