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The report finds that while cloth and leather exports in Pakistan generate significant pollution—including toxic chemical runoff and carcinogenic waste—the costs of implementing cleaner production technologies are modest at both the macro and micro levels. For cloth production, mitigation could reduce pollution loads by up to 91%, with costs representing only 0.0011% of the 1996-97 GNP. For leather tanning, mitigation could reduce pollution by 66%, with net costs (after chromium recovery) amounting to 0.0025% of GNP. The authors argue that meeting international environmental standards is a 'win-win' that ensures market access and improves public health, urging the Pakistani government to proactively provide information on global standards to exporters.