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This discussion document, compiled by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), outlines the process for establishing national ambient air quality standards in South Africa under the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 2004 (AQA). It analyzes the transition from source-based controls to an objectives-based approach, evaluates the limitations of previous SABS standards (SANS 1929 and SANS 69), and summarizes public and stakeholder responses to proposed standards. The document concludes by presenting a revised set of standards and a governance framework that uses tiered zones (Green, Blue, Purple, Orange, and Red) to trigger air quality management interventions.