IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1

The document presents a comparative analysis of multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and nature-based solutions, detailing their Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), estimated costs per tonne of CO2, and annual mitigation potentials. It highlights that while some methods like afforestation and BECCS have substantial contributions in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), others such as biochar and soil carbon sequestration are still in development or not yet incorporated into these global pathways. The analysis also weighs the co-benefits, such as improved biodiversity and soil health, against risks including land competition with food production and potential carbon reversal.

• Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods vary significantly in their Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and cost. Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) has a TRL of 6 and costs between 100–300 USD tCO2-1, while Biochar has a TRL of 10 and costs between 10–345 USD tCO2-1.
• Certain CDR measures are heavily featured in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), specifically Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Afforestation/Reforestation, both of which are noted for their "Substantial contribution in IAMs".
• Several nature-based CDR strategies face the risk of carbon reversal or unintended emissions. Afforestation/Reforestation faces "Reversal of carbon removal through wildfire, disease, pests", and soil carbon sequestration in croplands and grasslands carries a "Risk of increased nitrous oxide emissions".
• Many CDR options present trade-offs regarding land use, particularly competition with food production. This is explicitly noted for BECCS, Afforestation/Reforestation, and peatland and coastal wetland restoration.
• Ocean-based CDR methods, such as ocean fertilisation and ocean alkalinity enhancement, generally have lower TRLs (1–2) and carry risks to marine ecosystems, including "Increased seawater pH and saturation that may impact marine life" and "fundamental alteration of food Webs and biodiversity".

APA

Zero Carbon Analytics (n.d.). IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1. https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf

Chicago

Zero Carbon Analytics. IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1. n.d. https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Zero Carbon Analytics |title=IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1 |url=https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{zerocarbonanalyticsndipcc, author = {{Zero Carbon Analytics}}, title = {{IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1}}, institution = {Zero Carbon Analytics}, url = {https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }