IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1

This appendix from the IPCC Working Group III report provides a detailed technical summary of various Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods, comparing their technology readiness levels (TRL), costs, mitigation potentials, and associated risks and co-benefits.

• Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) has a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 6, with costs ranging from 100–300 USD per tCO2 (with a range of 84–386) and a mitigation potential of 5–40 GtCO2 per year. Its risks include "Increased energy and water use" and "Potentially increased emissions from water supply and energy generation."
• Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Afforestation/Reforestation are noted for their "Substantial contribution in IAMs" (Integrated Assessment Models). BECCS has a TRL of 5–6 and a mitigation potential of 0.5–11 GtCO2 per year, while Afforestation/Reforestation has a TRL of 8–9 and a potential of 0.5–10 GtCO2 per year.
• Several CDR methods are currently not incorporated in IAMs but are featured in bottom-up sectoral studies, including Agroforestry, Forest management, and Peatland and coastal wetland restoration, all of which are described as having a "Medium contribution."
• Ocean-based CDR methods vary in readiness and impact: Ocean alkalinity enhancement (TRL 1–2) may "impact marine life" and limit ocean acidification, while Ocean fertilisation (TRL 1–2) carries risks of "fundamental alteration of food Webs and biodiversity" and the potential for carbon to return to the atmosphere on a "decadal-to-millennial-scale".
• Land-based methods such as Biochar and Soil carbon sequestration in croplands and grasslands are currently "In development - not yet in global mitigation pathways simulated by IAMs."

APA

Zero Carbon Analytics (n.d.). IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1. https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf

Chicago

Zero Carbon Analytics. IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1. n.d. https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Zero Carbon Analytics |title=IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1 |url=https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{zerocarbonanalyticsndipcc, author = {{Zero Carbon Analytics}}, title = {{IPCC Working Group III report: The land sector and climate mitigation - Appendix 1}}, institution = {Zero Carbon Analytics}, url = {https://zerocarbon-analytics.org//wp-content/uploads/2025/06/IPCC-Working-Group-III-report_-The-land-sector-and-climate-mitigation-Appendix-1.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }