Mobilising International Climate Finance

Developed countries reported mobilising US$ 35 billion in Fast-Start Finance (FSF) from 2010 to 2012, exceeding the US$ 30 billion target. However, the report finds that much of this funding was not 'new and additional', often recycling existing pledges or ODA. Mitigation received the vast majority of funding (over 70%), while adaptation received only 18%. The distribution of funds closely mirrored traditional Official Development Assistance (ODA) patterns, showing weak correlations with recipient country vulnerability or greenhouse gas emission levels. The top five contributors—Japan, USA, UK, Norway, and Germany—accounted for nearly 80% of the total, with significant divergence in how they defined and reported eligible climate finance.

• Developed countries reported mobilising US$ 35 billion in Fast-Start Finance (FSF) between 2010 and 2012, which exceeded the original collective commitment of US$ 30 billion.
• There was a significant imbalance between mitigation and adaptation funding; mitigation and REDD+ received over 70% of total funding, while adaptation received only 18%.
• A large portion of FSF was delivered through loans, guarantees, and insurance (47% of the total portfolio), with these instruments primarily supporting mitigation projects.
• The geographic distribution of FSF closely follows the patterns of non-climate-related Official Development Assistance (ODA), rather than being driven by a country's climate vulnerability or emission levels.
• Much of the reported FSF was not 'new and additional', as countries often included projects they were already supporting before 2010 or recycled pledges made prior to the FSF period.
• Only one of the five largest contributors, Norway, met the Monterrey commitment to provide 0.7% of GNI as ODA during the FSF period.
• The majority of FSF was delivered through bilateral channels (approximately 66%), with only about one-fifth committed through dedicated multilateral climate funds.
• Germany was the only one of the top five contributors to mobilise an innovative source of finance, using auction revenues from the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS).
• Recipient institutions were diverse, but only about 34% of FSF directly targeted governments in developing countries.
• There is a lack of consistency and transparency in reporting, with substantial variation in the level of project-level information disclosed by different countries.

APA

Nakhooda, S., Fransen, T., Kuramochi, T., Caravani, A., Prizzon, A., Shimizu, N., Tilley, H., Halimanjaya, A., & Welham, B. (n.d.). Mobilising International Climate Finance. World Resources Institute. https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/mobilising_international_climate_finance_final_0.pdf

Chicago

Nakhooda, Smita, Taryn Fransen, Takeshi Kuramochi, Alice Caravani, Annalisa Prizzon, Noriko Shimizu, Helen Tilley, Aidy Halimanjaya, and Bryn Welham. Mobilising International Climate Finance. World Resources Institute, n.d. https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/mobilising_international_climate_finance_final_0.pdf.

Wikipedia

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BibTeX

@techreport{nakhoodandmobilising, author = {Nakhooda, Smita and Fransen, Taryn and Kuramochi, Takeshi and Caravani, Alice and Prizzon, Annalisa and Shimizu, Noriko and Tilley, Helen and Halimanjaya, Aidy and Welham, Bryn}, title = {{Mobilising International Climate Finance}}, institution = {World Resources Institute}, url = {https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/mobilising_international_climate_finance_final_0.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }