Transisi berkeadilan dari batu bara di Kolombia

The document identifies significant obstacles to Colombia's transition from thermal coal, including high fiscal dependence on coal exports and royalties, limited local institutional capacity, and inadequate environmental regulations for mine closures. It highlights the vulnerability of the Cesar and La Guajira regions, where coal provides a substantial portion of departmental revenue and high-paying employment. The brief argues that a just transition requires inclusive stakeholder dialogue, permanent funding mechanisms for productive conversion, and the protection of civic space for marginalized groups, including Indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities.

• Coal is a critical source of national and regional revenue in Colombia. Nationally, coal exports account for 2.4% of total fiscal revenue, with coal royalties making up over 80% of all mining sector royalties. Regionally, coal contributed nearly 43% of departmental revenue in Cesar and 61% in La Guajira during 2019 and 2020.
• Local governments in coal-producing areas face severe institutional and financial constraints. Some municipalities, such as Becerril, relied on coal royalties for up to 79% of their budgets in 2021. Sudden mine closures, such as in La Jagua de Ibirico, Cesar, have drastically reduced local revenues and paralyzed municipalities during socio-economic and environmental crises.
• Environmental regulations for mine closures in Colombia are insufficient, often only covering a three-year post-closure period, which leaves long-term environmental liabilities unaddressed. While a 2023 law was passed to define environmental obligations, its practical effectiveness in ensuring accountability for past and ongoing degradation remains to be seen.
• Socio-cultural barriers include high levels of violence, human rights violations, and a fragile civic space, which hinder social cohesion and political participation. The suspension of Prodeco's operations in Cesar has specifically increased conflicts and security issues for workers, union members, and community leaders.
• Marginalized groups, specifically Indigenous and Afro-Colombian populations, are often excluded from post-coal development planning despite their right to prior consultation under ILO Convention 169. There is also a noted lack of gender-differentiated data regarding the impacts of the transition on women, youth, and LGBTQI populations.
• Colombia is the only country among the three studied in the project (which also included Indonesia and South Africa) that does not have a Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) for bilateral cooperation.
• There is significant potential for economic diversification in Cesar and La Guajira through solar and wind energy and tourism, although these sectors may not fully offset the economic losses from the decline of coal.

APA

Arond, E., Vega-Araújo, J., Niño, J. P., & Patzy, F. (2024). Transisi berkeadilan dari batu bara di Kolombia. Stockholm Environment Institute. https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/transisi-berkeadilan-batu-bara-kolombia.pdf

Chicago

Arond, Elisa, José Vega-Araújo, Juliana Peña Niño, and Fernando Patzy. Transisi berkeadilan dari batu bara di Kolombia. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2024. https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/transisi-berkeadilan-batu-bara-kolombia.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Arond |first1=Elisa |last2=Vega-Araújo |first2=José |last3=Niño |first3=Juliana Peña |last4=Patzy |first4=Fernando |title=Transisi berkeadilan dari batu bara di Kolombia |publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute |date=October 2024 |url=https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/transisi-berkeadilan-batu-bara-kolombia.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{arond2024transisi, author = {Arond, Elisa and Vega-Araújo, José and Niño, Juliana Peña and Patzy, Fernando}, title = {{Transisi berkeadilan dari batu bara di Kolombia}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2024}, month = oct, url = {https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/transisi-berkeadilan-batu-bara-kolombia.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }