ÖKOSÜSTEEMITEENUSED ÜLEVAADE LOODUSE PAKUTAVATEST HÜVEDEST JA NENDE RAHALISEST VÄÄRTUSEST

The document provides a comprehensive overview of ecosystem services, categorizing them into supporting, regulating, provisioning, and cultural services. It discusses the economic valuation of these services, contrasting market-based and non-market valuation methods, and argues that assigning monetary value is essential for sustainable policy-making and corporate risk management. The report also introduces 'ecosystem disservices'—negative impacts of nature on human well-being—and provides practical frameworks for local governments and businesses to integrate natural capital into their strategic planning.

• The concept of 'ecosystem disservices' refers to natural functions that humans perceive as negative, such as pests, diseases, or the feeling of insecurity in unkempt urban parks, though these may still be necessary for the ecosystem's overall function.
• Monetary valuation of ecosystem services is necessary because these benefits are often treated as 'free' public goods, leading to their underestimation in economic accounting and subsequent degradation.
• Economic valuation methods are divided into market-based approaches (using actual market prices or avoided cost methods) and non-market approaches (such as the travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and contingent valuation based on willingness to pay).
• A study of the Jägala waterfall in Estonia found that its monetary value based on social and recreational demand (approximately 10 million euros) is nearly 35 times higher than its value for hydroelectric power generation.
• Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are voluntary transactions where a service provider is paid to maintain a specific ecosystem service, operating on a 'beneficiary pays' principle rather than 'polluter pays'.

APA

Sall, M., Uustal, M., & Peterson, K. (2012). ÖKOSÜSTEEMITEENUSED ÜLEVAADE LOODUSE PAKUTAVATEST HÜVEDEST JA NENDE RAHALISEST VÄÄRTUSEST. Stockholm Environment Institute. https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4382.pdf

Chicago

Sall, Marit, Meelis Uustal, and Kaja Peterson. ÖKOSÜSTEEMITEENUSED ÜLEVAADE LOODUSE PAKUTAVATEST HÜVEDEST JA NENDE RAHALISEST VÄÄRTUSEST. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2012. https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4382.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Sall |first1=Marit |last2=Uustal |first2=Meelis |last3=Peterson |first3=Kaja |title=ÖKOSÜSTEEMITEENUSED ÜLEVAADE LOODUSE PAKUTAVATEST HÜVEDEST JA NENDE RAHALISEST VÄÄRTUSEST |publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute |date=2012 |url=https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4382.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{sall2012kossteemiteenused, author = {Sall, Marit and Uustal, Meelis and Peterson, Kaja}, title = {{ÖKOSÜSTEEMITEENUSED ÜLEVAADE LOODUSE PAKUTAVATEST HÜVEDEST JA NENDE RAHALISEST VÄÄRTUSEST}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2012}, url = {https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4382.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }