Causal pathways in the political economy of adaptation projects: Turkana, Kenya

This research paper explores the political economy of climate adaptation projects by combining the 4E typology (enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, and entrenchment) with system mapping. Using the solar electricity system in Turkana, Kenya as a case study, the author argues that integrating these tools helps connect theoretical change processes to empirical reality and allows for the construction of causal pathways from projects to impacts.

• The paper proposes combining the 4E typology (enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, and entrenchment)—which analyzes how certain actors benefit from adaptation systems at the expense of others—with system mapping tools to better connect these processes to empirical reality and system structures.
• Using the solar electricity system in Turkana, Kenya as a case study, the paper demonstrates that mapping a social system's sequential actions allows for the analysis of 4E processes and the construction of causal pathways from adaptation projects to their eventual impact.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (2020). Causal pathways in the political economy of adaptation projects: Turkana, Kenya. https://www.sei.org/publications/causal-pathways-in-the-political-economy-of-adaptation-projects-turkana-kenya/

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. Causal pathways in the political economy of adaptation projects: Turkana, Kenya. 2020. https://www.sei.org/publications/causal-pathways-in-the-political-economy-of-adaptation-projects-turkana-kenya/.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=Causal pathways in the political economy of adaptation projects: Turkana, Kenya |date=18 November 2020 |url=https://www.sei.org/publications/causal-pathways-in-the-political-economy-of-adaptation-projects-turkana-kenya/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitute2020causal, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{Causal pathways in the political economy of adaptation projects: Turkana, Kenya}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2020}, month = nov, url = {https://www.sei.org/publications/causal-pathways-in-the-political-economy-of-adaptation-projects-turkana-kenya/}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }