Mulheres e DDR em Moçambique

The document analyzes the role of women in Mozambique's conflicts and the subsequent DDR processes. It contrasts the 1992 program, which largely ignored female combatants, with the 2019 program, which expanded benefits to families and communities but still excluded women from the design and negotiation phases. The authors argue that failing to include female ex-combatants as active agents in peace processes undermines the transformative potential of DDR and risks exacerbating gender inequalities.

• Women have been systematically excluded from peace negotiations in Mozambique; between 2012 and 2019, the Government (Frelimo) and Renamo held over 100 rounds of negotiations, yet women were almost entirely absent.
• The 1992 DDR program, implemented via the UN operation ONUMOZ, focused on male combatants and failed to address the specific needs of women and girls, leading many female ex-combatants to reintegrate spontaneously without financial or psychosocial support.
• The 2019 DDR process is more inclusive than the 1992 version because it utilizes a three-pillar structure—individual, family, and community—which allows a broader group of women to benefit from socioeconomic support even if they were not armed combatants.
• Despite improvements in benefit eligibility, women in the 2019 process remain passive recipients of aid rather than decision-makers, as no female combatants were involved in the planning or negotiations of the DDR program.
• The 2019 DDR process specifically targeted 5,221 ex-combatants (4,964 men and 257 women), and between 2020 and 2021, 156 women and 3,111 men were demobilized.
• Women played significant roles in civil society peace initiatives, such as the 'Arms to Hoes' (TAE) initiative by the Christian Council of Mozambique, which exchanged over one million weapons and munitions for livelihood goods like sewing machines over 20 years.

APA

Palik, J., & Cossa, S. M. D. (2023). Mulheres e DDR em Moçambique. Peace Research Institute Oslo. https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/66278859-18a9-4678-ba05-33d5bf7fb36d/Cossa and Palik - Mulheres e DDR em Moambique GPS Policy Brief 1-2023.pdf?inline=true

Chicago

Palik, Júlia, and Sheila Marcela Dinis Cossa. Mulheres e DDR em Moçambique. Peace Research Institute Oslo, 2023. https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/66278859-18a9-4678-ba05-33d5bf7fb36d/Cossa and Palik - Mulheres e DDR em Moambique GPS Policy Brief 1-2023.pdf?inline=true.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Palik |first1=Júlia |last2=Cossa |first2=Sheila Marcela Dinis |title=Mulheres e DDR em Moçambique |publisher=Peace Research Institute Oslo |date=January 2023 |url=https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/66278859-18a9-4678-ba05-33d5bf7fb36d/Cossa and Palik - Mulheres e DDR em Moambique GPS Policy Brief 1-2023.pdf?inline=true |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{palik2023mulheres, author = {Palik, Júlia and Cossa, Sheila Marcela Dinis}, title = {{Mulheres e DDR em Moçambique}}, institution = {Peace Research Institute Oslo}, year = {2023}, month = jan, url = {https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/66278859-18a9-4678-ba05-33d5bf7fb36d/Cossa and Palik - Mulheres e DDR em Moambique GPS Policy Brief 1-2023.pdf?inline=true}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }