Political Institutions and Extreme Presidents. Comparing Presidential Systems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1974-2004 – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)

Camilla Gjerde's research finds that political institutions have little direct impact on whether outsiders or non-democrats are elected as presidents, though they do influence the party system which indirectly affects the type of president. The study further concludes that 'extreme' presidents are generally more likely to experience serious political instability than moderate leaders, although some exceptions exist.

• Political institutions do not have a significant direct effect on the election of outsiders or non-democrats, although they do influence the party system, which in turn indirectly affects the type of president elected.
• Presidents classified as 'extreme' are typically more prone to serious political instability compared to traditional and moderate presidents, despite some instances where such leaders did not threaten system stability or legitimacy.

APA

Gjerde, C. (n.d.). Political Institutions and Extreme Presidents. Comparing Presidential Systems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1974-2004 – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Peace Research Institute Oslo. https://www.prio.org/publications/3407

Chicago

Gjerde, Camilla. Political Institutions and Extreme Presidents. Comparing Presidential Systems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1974-2004 – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Peace Research Institute Oslo, n.d. https://www.prio.org/publications/3407.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Gjerde |first1=Camilla |title=Political Institutions and Extreme Presidents. Comparing Presidential Systems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1974-2004 – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) |publisher=Peace Research Institute Oslo |url=https://www.prio.org/publications/3407 |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{gjerdendpolitical, author = {Gjerde, Camilla}, title = {{Political Institutions and Extreme Presidents. Comparing Presidential Systems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1974-2004 – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)}}, institution = {Peace Research Institute Oslo}, url = {https://www.prio.org/publications/3407}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }