DDR and SSR programs in the DRC

This report summarizes a seminar hosted by the African Security Analysis Programme (ASAP) of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) on February 13, 2009. The seminar featured Colonel Nzekani Zena, head of the national DDR programme in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (PNDDR), who detailed the challenges, phases, and costs associated with Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the DRC.

• The DDR process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is described as atypical and prolonged because it is the first program of its scale in a country of that size, involving the government army (FARDC) and ten different rebel forces.
• Due to the unique nature of the conflict, the DRC has found it necessary to implement DDR and SSR programs simultaneously.
• The DDR and SSR programs were structured into two distinct phases: the first ran from November 2004 to June 2008, and the second began in July 2008 with an expected completion date of December 2009.

APA

Zena, C. N. (2009). DDR and SSR programs in the DRC. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF

Chicago

Zena, Colonel Nzekani. DDR and SSR programs in the DRC. Institute for Security Studies, 2009. https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Zena |first1=Colonel Nzekani |title=DDR and SSR programs in the DRC |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |date=13 February 2009 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{zena2009ddr, author = {Zena, Colonel Nzekani}, title = {{DDR and SSR programs in the DRC}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, year = {2009}, month = feb, url = {https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }