DDR and SSR programs in the DRC

The document summarizes a seminar featuring Colonel Nzekani Zena, head of the national DDR programme in the DRC (PNDDR). It details the atypical nature of the DDR process due to the country's size and the involvement of ten rebel forces and the government army. The programs, which began in 2004, are divided into two phases: the first from November 2004 to June 2008, and the second from July 2008 to December 2009. The seminar highlighted the necessity of conducting DDR and SSR simultaneously and discussed the challenges and progress in the Eastern region of Kivu.

• The DDR process in the DRC is described as atypical and prolonged because it is the first program of its kind implemented in a country of the DRC's size, involving ten rebel forces and the government army (FARDC).
• Due to the atypical nature of the situation, the DRC is conducting Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR) simultaneously.
• The DDR and SSR programs are structured into two distinct phases: the first phase ran from November 2004 to June 2008, and the second phase began in July 2008 with an expected end date of December 2009.

APA

Zena, C. N. (2009). DDR and SSR programs in the DRC. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF

Chicago

Zena, Colonel Nzekani. DDR and SSR programs in the DRC. Institute for Security Studies, 2009. https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Zena |first1=Colonel Nzekani |title=DDR and SSR programs in the DRC |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |date=13 February 2009 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{zena2009ddr, author = {Zena, Colonel Nzekani}, title = {{DDR and SSR programs in the DRC}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, year = {2009}, month = feb, url = {https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/DRCSEMREP130109.PDF}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }