Appendix 3: Balance Sheet of Human Development in Zambia

The document outlines Zambia's human development trajectory, noting improvements in rural poverty, primary education enrolment, and child mortality, while highlighting persistent challenges in maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS orphans, and high income inequality.

• Zambia saw a decline in extreme poverty in rural areas from 71% in 1998 to 53% in 2004, and per capita GDP grew from K234 933 in 1998 to K276 416 in 2004. However, overall extreme poverty remained at 68%, and urban extreme poverty only marginally decreased from 36% in 1998 to 34% in 2004.
• Education and gender equality showed mixed results: primary education net enrolment rose from 66% in 2000 to 78% in 2004, and women's seats in national Parliament increased from 6% in 1990 to 12% in 2004. Conversely, the ratio of girls to boys in primary school fell from 0.98 in 1990 to 0.9 in 2005, and in secondary school from 0.92 in 1990 to 0.83 in 2005.
• Health indicators showed improvements in child mortality, with the under-five mortality ratio dropping from 197 per 1,000 live births in 1996 to 168 in 2002. However, maternal mortality increased from 649 in 1996 to 729 in 2002, and the number of children orphaned by AIDS reached 1,197,867 in 2005.
• Environmental sustainability is threatened by a heavy reliance on firewood and charcoal for cooking, used by 83.4% of households in 2004. Access to electricity saw a slight increase from 15% in 1998 to 16.2% in 2004.
• While the Gini coefficient declined from 0.66 in 1998 to 0.57 in 2004, income inequality remains extremely high, partly due to the underperformance of the agricultural sector.

APA

Institute for Security Studies (2009). Appendix 3: Balance Sheet of Human Development in Zambia. https://issafrica.org/topics/crime-and-criminal-justice/01-apr-2009-monograph-no-159-the-criminal-justice-system-in-zambia.-enhancing-the-delivery-of-security-in-africa-african-human-security-initiative/appendix-3-balance-sheet-of-human-development-in-zambia

Chicago

Institute for Security Studies. Appendix 3: Balance Sheet of Human Development in Zambia. 2009. https://issafrica.org/topics/crime-and-criminal-justice/01-apr-2009-monograph-no-159-the-criminal-justice-system-in-zambia.-enhancing-the-delivery-of-security-in-africa-african-human-security-initiative/appendix-3-balance-sheet-of-human-development-in-zambia.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Institute for Security Studies |title=Appendix 3: Balance Sheet of Human Development in Zambia |date=1 April 2009 |url=https://issafrica.org/topics/crime-and-criminal-justice/01-apr-2009-monograph-no-159-the-criminal-justice-system-in-zambia.-enhancing-the-delivery-of-security-in-africa-african-human-security-initiative/appendix-3-balance-sheet-of-human-development-in-zambia |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{instituteforsecuritystudies2009appendix, author = {{Institute for Security Studies}}, title = {{Appendix 3: Balance Sheet of Human Development in Zambia}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, year = {2009}, month = apr, url = {https://issafrica.org/topics/crime-and-criminal-justice/01-apr-2009-monograph-no-159-the-criminal-justice-system-in-zambia.-enhancing-the-delivery-of-security-in-africa-african-human-security-initiative/appendix-3-balance-sheet-of-human-development-in-zambia}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }