Learning to Use Force on the Hoof in Peacekeeping

This situation report by the Institute for Security Studies reflects on the experience of Major General Patrick Cammaert regarding the use of force within the Eastern Division of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), specifically contrasting the mandates of Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the UN Charter.

• The United Nations distinguishes between Chapter VI and Chapter VII mandates regarding the use of force: Chapter VI restricts force to self-defence, whereas Chapter VII permits the use of all necessary means, including pre-emptive deadly force, to execute tasks according to the Rules of Engagement within the capacity and deployment areas of armed units.
• The Mission d`Organisation des Nations Unies en Republique Democratique du Congo (MONUC) operated in a volatile environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a state weakened by 32 years of mismanagement under President Mobutu Sese Seko and two civil wars involving neighbouring countries. Consequently, the mission's military component led efforts to provide security, protect civilians under imminent threat, and counter threats from various armed factions.

APA

Cammaert, P. (n.d.). Learning to Use Force on the Hoof in Peacekeeping. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/research/situation-reports/situation-report-learning-to-use-force-on-the-hoof-in-peacekeeping.-reflections-on-the-experience-of-monucs-eastern-division-maj-gen-patrick-cammaert-

Chicago

Cammaert, Patrick. Learning to Use Force on the Hoof in Peacekeeping. Institute for Security Studies, n.d. https://issafrica.org/research/situation-reports/situation-report-learning-to-use-force-on-the-hoof-in-peacekeeping.-reflections-on-the-experience-of-monucs-eastern-division-maj-gen-patrick-cammaert-.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Cammaert |first1=Patrick |title=Learning to Use Force on the Hoof in Peacekeeping |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |url=https://issafrica.org/research/situation-reports/situation-report-learning-to-use-force-on-the-hoof-in-peacekeeping.-reflections-on-the-experience-of-monucs-eastern-division-maj-gen-patrick-cammaert- |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{cammaertndlearning, author = {Cammaert, Patrick}, title = {{Learning to Use Force on the Hoof in Peacekeeping}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, url = {https://issafrica.org/research/situation-reports/situation-report-learning-to-use-force-on-the-hoof-in-peacekeeping.-reflections-on-the-experience-of-monucs-eastern-division-maj-gen-patrick-cammaert-}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }