DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA COUNTRIES TO 2040

The Horn of Africa is characterized by chronic instability, including inter-state wars over territorial disputes and internal ethnic conflicts, which have led to massive displacement. The region's geostrategic importance has attracted significant foreign military presence and economic investment, particularly from Gulf states and Turkey, though these external interests often exacerbate regional rivalries and hinder economic integration.

• The Horn of Africa has a history of frequent inter-state and intra-state conflicts, often driven by poorly demarcated colonial borders and identity politics. Notable inter-state wars include Ethiopia-Somalia (1977–78 and 2006 –2009), Ethiopia-Eritrea (1998–2000), and Eritrea-Djibouti (2008).
• The region is a major global source of refugees and internally displaced persons due to war, famine, and governance failures. Approximately 8.5 million forcibly displaced people are currently in the Horn of Africa, including 6 million internally displaced people and 2.5 million refugees and asylum seekers.
• Djibouti's geostrategic location has made it a hub for foreign military bases, including those from the US, China, France, Italy, Japan, and Spain, with the country relying heavily on the associated rents.

APA

Yeboua, K., & Cilliers, J. (2022). DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA COUNTRIES TO 2040. Institute for Security Studies. https://futures.issafrica.org/special-reports/guide.pdf?report=region/horn-of-africa&topic=02-background

Chicago

Yeboua, Kouassi, and Jakkie Cilliers. DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA COUNTRIES TO 2040. Institute for Security Studies, 2022. https://futures.issafrica.org/special-reports/guide.pdf?report=region/horn-of-africa&topic=02-background.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Yeboua |first1=Kouassi |last2=Cilliers |first2=Jakkie |title=DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA COUNTRIES TO 2040 |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |date=27 June 2022 |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/special-reports/guide.pdf?report=region/horn-of-africa&topic=02-background |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{yeboua2022development, author = {Yeboua, Kouassi and Cilliers, Jakkie}, title = {{DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA COUNTRIES TO 2040}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, year = {2022}, month = jun, url = {https://futures.issafrica.org/special-reports/guide.pdf?report=region/horn-of-africa&topic=02-background}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }