Les mécanismes internationaux du marché du carbone au sein d’un accord post-2012 sur les changements climatiques

The document examines the functioning of the Kyoto Protocol's market mechanisms—the International Emissions Trading (IET), Joint Implementation (JI), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)—and explores options for their expansion or replacement in a post-2012 framework. It discusses new proposals such as the Market Mechanism for Sustainable Development (MMSD), REDD, and sectoral CDM, while highlighting challenges regarding additionality, environmental integrity, and the equitable distribution of projects in developing countries.

• The global carbon market experienced rapid growth between 2004 and 2007, with its estimated value reaching 64 billion US dollars in 2007, 70% of which was represented by the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).
• The International Emissions Trading (IET) system allows Annex B countries to trade Assigned Amount Units (AAUs), but participation was delayed by the non-ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the United States and concerns over 'hot air' from Eastern Europe.
• The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only current instrument allowing participation from developing countries without binding emission targets, with China and India hosting 64% of all CDM projects as of May 2009.
• The environmental integrity of the CDM is contested, with critics arguing that some projects do not represent real emission reductions and may act as a wealth transfer rather than a climate tool, specifically regarding the difficulty of proving 'additionality'.
• Proposed post-2012 mechanisms include a Market Mechanism for Sustainable Development (MMSD) based on allocations for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), which would move away from project-based credits and the need to demonstrate additionality.
• The inclusion of land-use, agriculture, and forestry in market mechanisms is hindered by the temporary nature of credits (tCERs and lCERs), which makes them less attractive to investors and led the EU ETS to exclude forest credits.
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) requires a long-term carbon price to be viable; while the CDM could support its deployment after 2020, it may not provide enough incentive for initial demonstration plants.
• A sectoral CDM approach could resolve the issue of governments hesitating to implement climate policies for fear of compromising the additionality of future projects, as it rewards policies and programs rather than individual projects.
• Several countries have proposed expanding the 'share of proceeds' tax—currently 2% on CDM credits—to other mechanisms like Joint Implementation and IET to fund the Adaptation Fund.

APA

Murphy, D., Drexhage, J., & Wooders, P. (2009). Les mécanismes internationaux du marché du carbone au sein d’un accord post-2012 sur les changements climatiques. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/international_carbon_market_mechanisms_fr.pdf

Chicago

Murphy, Deborah, John Drexhage, and Peter Wooders. Les mécanismes internationaux du marché du carbone au sein d’un accord post-2012 sur les changements climatiques. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2009. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/international_carbon_market_mechanisms_fr.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Murphy |first1=Deborah |last2=Drexhage |first2=John |last3=Wooders |first3=Peter |title=Les mécanismes internationaux du marché du carbone au sein d’un accord post-2012 sur les changements climatiques |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=May 2009 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/international_carbon_market_mechanisms_fr.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{murphy2009les, author = {Murphy, Deborah and Drexhage, John and Wooders, Peter}, title = {{Les mécanismes internationaux du marché du carbone au sein d’un accord post-2012 sur les changements climatiques}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2009}, month = may, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/international_carbon_market_mechanisms_fr.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }