O futuro da tributação de recursos: 10 ideias de políticas para mobilizar a receita fiscal da mineração

The guide examines the current state of mining taxation, highlighting challenges such as base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS), and proposes ten innovative policy ideas to improve revenue mobilization. These include minimum profit shares, production sharing contracts, variable royalties, and the 'Sixth Method' for transfer pricing. It also addresses the impact of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and suggests the implementation of domestic carbon pricing and remote monitoring technologies for industrial minerals. The document emphasizes the need for transparent governance, professional board management for state-owned enterprises, and a balanced approach to fiscal stability clauses to ensure sustainable development.

• African countries lose up to USD 730 million in annual mining revenues due to base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS).
• The traditional mining tax regime, relying heavily on Corporate Income Tax (CIT) and royalties, is often insufficient because CIT is difficult to collect and vulnerable to profit shifting.
• The energy transition is driving a surge in demand for critical minerals like lithium and cobalt, offering resource-rich countries a 'second chance' to maximize financial benefits.
• Automation in mining is reducing low-skilled local employment, necessitating a shift toward increasing government revenue shares to maintain social and political viability.
• A 'minimum profit share' mechanism, as seen in Tanzania, the Philippines, and Ecuador, can act as a floor for government revenue, though it may risk reducing reliability if it imposes a ceiling on total benefits.
• Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs), common in oil and gas, can be adapted for mining to give governments more control and potentially higher revenues by taking a share of physical production.
• Variable royalties are more flexible than fixed-rate royalties, as they adjust to volatile mineral prices, though they must be carefully calibrated against mining costs to avoid discouraging investment.
• The 'Sixth Method' simplifies transfer pricing for commodities by using quoted exchange prices (e.g., London Metal Exchange) as a transparent benchmark to prevent underpricing in related-party sales.
• The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) may negatively impact low- and middle-income mineral exporters by increasing costs or reducing demand, unless these countries implement their own carbon pricing.
• Remote monitoring technology, such as laser scanning, can significantly increase revenue from industrial minerals (quarries) by independently verifying production volumes and preventing under-reporting.
• A proposed 'development revenue tax' of 0.5% to 3% of revenue could ensure local communities benefit from mining through investments in shared public infrastructure or a government-managed fund.
• Competitive bidding for mining licenses can increase government revenue through signing bonuses and auction premiums while reducing corruption and speculation compared to 'first-come, first-served' systems.
• State-owned enterprises (SOEs) can maximize national benefits but are prone to political interference and lack of transparency; success requires professional, independent boards and regular audits.
• Fiscal stability clauses, while providing predictability for investors, can lock in unsustainable terms; modern guidelines suggest they should be limited in scope and duration.

APA

Readhead, A., Tarus, V., Lassourd, T., Madzivanyika, E., & Schlenther, B. (2023). O futuro da tributação de recursos: 10 ideias de políticas para mobilizar a receita fiscal da mineração. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/future-of-resource-taxation-pt.pdf

Chicago

Readhead, Alexandra, Viola Tarus, Thomas Lassourd, Ezera Madzivanyika, and Bernd Schlenther. O futuro da tributação de recursos: 10 ideias de políticas para mobilizar a receita fiscal da mineração. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2023. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/future-of-resource-taxation-pt.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Readhead |first1=Alexandra |last2=Tarus |first2=Viola |last3=Lassourd |first3=Thomas |last4=Madzivanyika |first4=Ezera |last5=Schlenther |first5=Bernd |title=O futuro da tributação de recursos: 10 ideias de políticas para mobilizar a receita fiscal da mineração |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=23 June 2023 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/future-of-resource-taxation-pt.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{readhead2023futuro, author = {Readhead, Alexandra and Tarus, Viola and Lassourd, Thomas and Madzivanyika, Ezera and Schlenther, Bernd}, title = {{O futuro da tributação de recursos: 10 ideias de políticas para mobilizar a receita fiscal da mineração}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2023}, month = jun, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/future-of-resource-taxation-pt.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }