Окружающая среда и торговля

The document analyzes how trade liberalization affects the environment through product, scale, structural, and direct effects. It examines the legal tensions between World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), specifically focusing on Process and Production Methods (PPMs), intellectual property rights (TRIPS), and agricultural subsidies. It argues that trade liberalization does not automatically harm or help the environment, but its outcome depends on the integration of economic and environmental policies.

• Agricultural subsidies, particularly those in the 'Amber Box' (trade-distorting), often lead to overproduction and the excessive use of chemicals, exacerbating environmental degradation.

APA

International Institute for Sustainable Development (n.d.). Окружающая среда и торговля. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/envirotrade_handbook_2005_ru.pdf

Chicago

International Institute for Sustainable Development. Окружающая среда и торговля. n.d. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/envirotrade_handbook_2005_ru.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=International Institute for Sustainable Development |title=Окружающая среда и торговля |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/envirotrade_handbook_2005_ru.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{internationalinstituteforsustainabledevelopmentnd, author = {{International Institute for Sustainable Development}}, title = {{Окружающая среда и торговля}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/envirotrade_handbook_2005_ru.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }