La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development analyzes the evolution of global climate governance from the 1979 World Climate Conference to the 2015 Paris Agreement. It examines the shift from 'top-down' prescriptive instruments like the Kyoto Protocol to 'bottom-up' participatory frameworks, highlighting the ongoing tension between universal participation and the equitable distribution of responsibilities based on historical emissions and national capacities.

• The global climate governance regime has been defined by two primary thematic axes: the interpretation of how to differentiate country responsibilities for emission reductions and the pursuit of universal participation.
• The 1997 Kyoto Protocol functioned as a 'top-down' prescriptive instrument focused on mitigation, establishing an absolute emissions ceiling for developed countries. During its first commitment period (2008-2012), developed nations were required to reduce collective emissions by an average of 5.2% relative to 1990 levels.
• The 2015 Paris Agreement shifted to a 'bottom-up' participatory model where all parties submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every five years. It is the first multilateral climate agreement to impose legal constraints on emission reductions for all countries, moving away from the Annex 1 system of the UNFCCC.
• Despite goals to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C—and preferably 1.5°C—current collective emission reduction commitments are insufficient. If implemented, they would still result in a temperature increase of more than 3°C.
• The principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities' (CBDR) is central to the UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement evolved this into 'common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities' (CBDR-RC) in light of different national circumstances, acknowledging that responsibilities must evolve as national circumstances change.
• The 2009 Copenhagen Accord, while often viewed as a failure, established key legacies: a goal of $100 billion annually for climate finance from developed to developing countries by 2020, and the 'pledge-and-review' approach that informed the Paris Agreement.

APA

Luomi, M. (2020). La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf

Chicago

Luomi, Mari. La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2020. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Luomi |first1=Mari |title=La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=December 2020 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{luomi2020gouvernance, author = {Luomi, Mari}, title = {{La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2020}, month = dec, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }