La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité

The report traces the shift in international climate policy from the 'top-down' prescriptive approach of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which targeted developed nations, to the 'bottom-up' participatory model of the 2015 Paris Agreement. It highlights the central role of the 'common but differentiated responsibilities' (CBDR) principle and argues that while the Paris Agreement achieved universal participation, current national commitments remain insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.

• Global climate governance is defined by two primary thematic axes: the interpretation of how to differentiate country responsibilities for emission reductions and the quest for universal participation.
• The 1997 Kyoto Protocol utilized a 'top-down' prescriptive approach focused on mitigation, setting an absolute emissions ceiling for developed countries. During its first commitment period (2008-2012), developed nations were required to reduce collective emissions by an average of 5.2% compared to 1990 levels.
• The 2015 Paris Agreement shifted to a 'bottom-up' participatory model where all parties submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It is the first multilateral climate agreement to impose legal constraints on emission reductions for all countries, though it maintains the leading role of developed nations in financing.
• Despite the goal to keep global temperature rise well below 2°C and ideally below 1.5°C, current collective emission reduction commitments are insufficient. If implemented, they would still result in a temperature increase of over 3°C.
• The principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities' (CBDR) is the backbone of the UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement evolved this into 'common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities' (CBDR-RC) in light of different national circumstances, acknowledging that as a country's socio-economic development increases, so does its capacity to act.
• The 2009 Copenhagen Accord, while often viewed as a failure, established key legacies: a goal of $100 billion annual climate finance for developing countries by 2020 and the 'pledge-and-review' approach that informed the Paris Agreement.

APA

Luomi, M. (2020). La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf

Chicago

Luomi, Mari. La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2020. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Luomi |first1=Mari |title=La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=December 2020 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{luomi2020gouvernance, author = {Luomi, Mari}, title = {{La gouvernance mondiale des changements climatiques: En quête d’efficacité et d’universalité}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2020}, month = dec, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-04/still-one-earth-climate-change-gov-FR.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }