Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo

This guide provides a comprehensive framework for developing countries to understand and adapt to the OECD/G20 Pillar Two Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE) rules. It explains the mechanics of the 15% global minimum tax, evaluates policy options for national responses—such as implementing Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Taxes (QDMT)—and analyzes the impact on existing tax incentives. The document also addresses legal obstacles, specifically fiscal stabilization clauses in investment contracts and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), offering strategies to mitigate litigation risks while mobilizing domestic revenue.

• The GloBE initiative aims to ensure that large multinational enterprises (MNEs)—generally those with consolidated revenues of 750 million euros or more—pay a minimum effective tax rate (ETR) of 15% in every jurisdiction where they operate.
• The GloBE framework employs a priority-based taxing order: the Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) allows a parent company's residence country to apply a top-up tax; the Undertaxed Payments Rule (UTPR) serves as a backstop; and a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMT) allows the source country to claim the top-up tax first.
• Tax incentives that significantly reduce the ETR below 15%, such as tax holidays and free industrial zones, are highly likely to be neutralized by GloBE, as other jurisdictions will collect the resulting top-up tax.
• Developing countries can respond to GloBE through three primary policy options: introducing a national minimum tax (either a QDMT or a general minimum tax), revising existing tax incentives to avoid ETRs below 15%, or focusing on other priorities if the expected impact is minimal.
• Fiscal stabilization clauses in national laws, investment contracts, and BITs may limit a government's ability to change tax laws or remove incentives without facing international arbitration or paying compensation.
• Among BIT protections, the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard represents the most significant legal risk for states implementing tax reforms, as it is often used to challenge the removal of tax incentives based on 'legitimate expectations'.
• Preliminary analysis suggests that while developed economies may gain the most from IIRs, developing economies have more to gain by implementing QDMTs to capture revenue from MNE subsidiaries in their jurisdictions.

APA

Christians, A., Lassourd, T., Mataba, K., Ogbebor, E., Readhead, A., Shay, S., & Tinhaga, Z. P. (2023). Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf

Chicago

Christians, Allison, Thomas Lassourd, Kudzai Mataba, Eniye Ogbebor, Alexandra Readhead, Stephen Shay, and Zach Pouga Tinhaga. Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2023. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Christians |first1=Allison |last2=Lassourd |first2=Thomas |last3=Mataba |first3=Kudzai |last4=Ogbebor |first4=Eniye |last5=Readhead |first5=Alexandra |last6=Shay |first6=Stephen |last7=Tinhaga |first7=Zach Pouga |title=Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{christians2023entender, author = {Christians, Allison and Lassourd, Thomas and Mataba, Kudzai and Ogbebor, Eniye and Readhead, Alexandra and Shay, Stephen and Tinhaga, Zach Pouga}, title = {{Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2023}, month = apr, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }