Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo

The document explains the mechanics of the GloBE rules, which aim to ensure a 15% minimum effective tax rate (ETR) for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) with consolidated revenues of €750 million or more. It outlines three primary policy responses for developing countries: implementing a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMT) or a general national minimum tax, revising existing tax incentives that lower the ETR, or focusing on other priorities if the impact is minimal. The guide also provides a step-by-step methodology for countries to assess their exposure using country-by-country (CBC) reports and analyzes legal obstacles, such as fiscal stabilization clauses in investment contracts and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), that may hinder tax reforms.

• The GloBE rules establish a 15% minimum effective tax rate (ETR) for multinational enterprises (MNEs) with consolidated revenues of €750 million or more. If an MNE's ETR in a specific country falls below 15%, other jurisdictions can collect a 'top-up tax' through the Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) or the Undertaxed Payments Rule (UTPR).
• Developing countries can prevent revenue loss to other jurisdictions by implementing a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMT). A QDMT ensures the host country retains the primary right to tax the excess profits of MNEs up to the 15% minimum, effectively neutralizing the application of the IIR or UTPR by other countries.
• Certain tax incentives are highly susceptible to being neutralized by GloBE rules because they significantly reduce the ETR. Specifically, profit-based incentives such as tax holidays and industrial free zones are rated as having a 'High' impact, while cost-based incentives like accelerated depreciation have a 'Limited' impact.
• The Substance-based Income Exclusion (SBIE) reduces the amount of income subject to the top-up tax based on a company's tangible assets and payroll. This allows countries to continue offering some incentives for substantive economic activities without triggering the full GloBE top-up tax.
• Fiscal stabilization clauses in national laws, investment contracts, and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) can act as legal barriers to tax reforms. These clauses may limit a government's ability to increase taxes or remove incentives without providing economic compensation or facing international arbitration.
• Among the protections in BITs, the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard represents the most significant legal risk for states implementing GloBE-related reforms. This is because FET is often linked to the 'legitimate expectations' of investors regarding the stability of the tax regime.
• Preliminary assessments suggest that while developed economies may see the largest overall revenue gains from the IIR, developing economies can capture significant revenue if they proactively adopt a QDMT. However, the impact varies by region, with a higher proportion of Asian developing countries (34%) having average ETRs below 15% compared to Latin America and the Caribbean (22%) and Africa (20%).

APA

Christians, A., Lassourd, T., Mataba, K., Ogbebor, E., Readhead, A., Shay, S., & Tinhaga, Z. P. (2023). Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf

Chicago

Christians, Allison, Thomas Lassourd, Kudzai Mataba, Eniye Ogbebor, Alexandra Readhead, Stephen Shay, and Zach Pouga Tinhaga. Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2023. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Christians |first1=Allison |last2=Lassourd |first2=Thomas |last3=Mataba |first3=Kudzai |last4=Ogbebor |first4=Eniye |last5=Readhead |first5=Alexandra |last6=Shay |first6=Stephen |last7=Tinhaga |first7=Zach Pouga |title=Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{christians2023entender, author = {Christians, Allison and Lassourd, Thomas and Mataba, Kudzai and Ogbebor, Eniye and Readhead, Alexandra and Shay, Stephen and Tinhaga, Zach Pouga}, title = {{Entender Y Adaptarse Al Impuesto Mínimo Global: Una Guía Para Los Países En Desarrollo}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2023}, month = apr, url = {https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/guide-developing-countries-adapt-global-minimum-tax-final-es.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }