Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia

This report audits data on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) subsidies and gender in Indonesia to establish a baseline for potential subsidy reforms and identify data gaps, specifically focusing on the bottom 35 per cent of the population by income.

• The Government of Indonesia is evaluating reforms for consumer subsidies on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) because the fiscal cost reached IDR 25 trillion (USD 1.9 billion) in 2016, representing approximately half of the total energy subsidy expenditure.
• Women in poor and near-poor households are more vulnerable to LPG price increases than men, facing potential economic impacts through eroded household budgets, increased time spent on fuel collection or cooking (reducing leisure and economic activity), and higher input costs for small businesses.
• Among three alternatives for Indonesia's transition to non-fossil cooking—city gas, dimethyl ether (DME), and induction stoves—induction stoves are identified as the most viable and practical option.

APA

Nurbani,, T. L. K. H. W. (2017). Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/gender-and-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-audit-data-energy-subsidies-energy-use-0

Chicago

Nurbani,, Tara Laan,Niken Kusumawardhani,Rafiazka Hilman,Nila Warda,Rachma. Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2017. https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/gender-and-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-audit-data-energy-subsidies-energy-use-0.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Nurbani, |first1=Tara Laan,Niken Kusumawardhani,Rafiazka Hilman,Nila Warda,Rachma |title=Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |date=14 November 2017 |url=https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/gender-and-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-audit-data-energy-subsidies-energy-use-0 |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{nurbani2017gender, author = {Nurbani,, Tara Laan,Niken Kusumawardhani,Rafiazka Hilman,Nila Warda,Rachma}, title = {{Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia}}, institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development}, year = {2017}, month = nov, url = {https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/gender-and-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-audit-data-energy-subsidies-energy-use-0}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }