Década de resistência

Global Witness reports that 1,733 land and environmental defenders were killed between 2012 and 2021, with 200 deaths recorded in 2021 alone. The report identifies extreme land inequality, corruption, and the repression of civic space as primary drivers of violence, particularly affecting indigenous peoples in the Global South. It highlights critical situations in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and the Philippines, while advocating for the implementation of the Escazú Agreement and mandatory corporate due diligence in the EU to protect those on the front lines of the climate and biodiversity crises.

• Between 2012 and 2021, Global Witness documented the deaths of 1,733 land and environmental defenders, averaging one death every two days.
• In 2021, 200 defenders were killed, with Mexico recording the highest number of deaths at 54, an increase from 30 the previous year.
• Indigenous peoples are disproportionately targeted; in 2021, they represented over 40% of all fatal attacks despite making up only 5% of the global population.
• Brazil is the most lethal country for defenders over the ten-year period, with 342 documented murders, 85% of which occurred in the Amazon.
• The Philippines is identified as one of the most dangerous places in Asia, with 270 defenders killed between 2012 and 2021, often linked to mining and agribusiness.
• Extreme land inequality is a central driver of violence, exemplified by Colombia where 1% of the largest properties occupy 81% of the land.
• The Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) is presented as a threat to defenders, potentially leading to 'carbon theft' and land grabbing in the Global South.
• The Escazú Agreement, which entered into force on April 22, 2021, is the first legally binding international instrument to include specific provisions for environmental defenders.
• In Canada, the Wet'suwet'en people face forced evictions and the use of 'exclusion zones' by the RCMP to facilitate the construction of the $6 billion Coastal GasLink pipeline without indigenous consent.
• Corporate impunity is facilitated by complex supply chains and a lack of mandatory due diligence, with most companies relying on voluntary guidelines.

APA

Shiva, V., & Davis, M. (2022). Década de resistência. Global Witness. https://globalwitness.org/pt/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/decade-defiance-pt/

Chicago

Shiva, Vandana, and Mike Davis. Década de resistência. Global Witness, 2022. https://globalwitness.org/pt/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/decade-defiance-pt/.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Shiva |first1=Vandana |last2=Davis |first2=Mike |title=Década de resistência |publisher=Global Witness |date=29 September 2022 |url=https://globalwitness.org/pt/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/decade-defiance-pt/ |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{shiva2022dcada, author = {Shiva, Vandana and Davis, Mike}, title = {{Década de resistência}}, institution = {Global Witness}, year = {2022}, month = sep, url = {https://globalwitness.org/pt/campaigns/land-and-environmental-defenders/decade-defiance-pt/}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }