Faktor geografis: Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan memengaruhi pemantauan metana dari luar angkasa

This report by Ember and the Clean Air Task Force examines how environmental factors—including cloud cover, terrain, solar elevation, surface brightness, and wind speed—limit the effectiveness of satellite-based methane monitoring. It finds that approximately 30% of global upstream coal, oil, and gas infrastructure is located in regions where these conditions hinder consistent data collection, necessitating a tiered observation system that combines satellites with local measurement technologies.

• Environmental conditions significantly limit the ability of satellites to monitor methane emissions, with approximately 30% of global upstream coal and oil and gas infrastructure located in regions classified as 'moderate' or 'difficult' for observation due to factors like cloud cover, low light, dark surfaces, and mountainous terrain.
• Five primary environmental factors impede satellite methane detection: persistent cloud cover (especially in tropics), rough terrain (creating shadows and signal complexity), low solar elevation (during winter in high latitudes), dark surface brightness (such as forests or snow), and high wind speeds (which disperse methane plumes).
• The impact of environmental factors varies by sensor type; high-resolution point-source imagers may detect plumes between broken clouds or in small flat areas of mountainous regions, whereas area-flux mappers are more easily obstructed by persistent cloud cover or complex terrain.
• In the coal sector, 30% of global production occurs in difficult-to-monitor regions. Indonesia is particularly challenged, with 84% of its coal production located in areas where persistent cloud cover and rugged terrain make some satellite products unusable.
• In the oil and gas sector, 29% of global onshore production is in challenging regions. Significant difficulties are noted in Russia (62% of production), Canada (46%), and the United States (22%), often due to low solar elevation in winter, cloud cover, or mountainous terrain.
• To overcome satellite limitations, the report advocates for a 'tiered observation system' that integrates satellite data with near-surface measurements from aircraft, drones, ground vehicles, or static stations to ensure comprehensive emission monitoring and mitigation.

APA

Shannon, S., & Binietoglou, I. (2025). Faktor geografis: Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan memengaruhi pemantauan metana dari luar angkasa. Ember. https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/03/ID-The-geography-factor.pdf

Chicago

Shannon, Sarah, and Ioannis Binietoglou. Faktor geografis: Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan memengaruhi pemantauan metana dari luar angkasa. Ember, 2025. https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/03/ID-The-geography-factor.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Shannon |first1=Sarah |last2=Binietoglou |first2=Ioannis |title=Faktor geografis: Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan memengaruhi pemantauan metana dari luar angkasa |publisher=Ember |date=18 March 2025 |url=https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/03/ID-The-geography-factor.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{shannon2025faktor, author = {Shannon, Sarah and Binietoglou, Ioannis}, title = {{Faktor geografis: Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan memengaruhi pemantauan metana dari luar angkasa}}, institution = {Ember}, year = {2025}, month = mar, url = {https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/03/ID-The-geography-factor.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }