TIP OF THE ICEBERG: Navigating the known and unknown costs of climate change for Canada

The report urges Canada to dramatically increase public investment in climate adaptation, establish a coordinated governance approach across all levels of government, and enhance the transparency of economic and social climate risks to better inform investment and planning decisions.

• All levels of government need to significantly increase public funding for climate adaptation, integrating these efforts into existing programs such as health care, infrastructure, and natural resource management, as adaptation provides multiple benefits despite implementation barriers.
• The federal government should lead the co-development of a coordinated adaptation governance framework involving provincial, territorial, Indigenous, and municipal governments to reduce gaps and inconsistencies while tailoring implementation to local contexts.
• Governments and financial regulators must improve the public disclosure of climate change risks across public and private sectors to shift investments away from risk and toward resilience, potentially incorporating this data into real estate inspections and government credit ratings.

APA

Canadian Climate Institute (2020). TIP OF THE ICEBERG: Navigating the known and unknown costs of climate change for Canada. https://climatechoices.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tip-of-the-Iceberg-_-CoCC-_-Institute-_-Recomendations.pdf

Chicago

Canadian Climate Institute. TIP OF THE ICEBERG: Navigating the known and unknown costs of climate change for Canada. 2020. https://climatechoices.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tip-of-the-Iceberg-_-CoCC-_-Institute-_-Recomendations.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Canadian Climate Institute |title=TIP OF THE ICEBERG: Navigating the known and unknown costs of climate change for Canada |date=December 2020 |url=https://climatechoices.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tip-of-the-Iceberg-_-CoCC-_-Institute-_-Recomendations.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{canadianclimateinstitute2020tip, author = {{Canadian Climate Institute}}, title = {{TIP OF THE ICEBERG: Navigating the known and unknown costs of climate change for Canada}}, institution = {Canadian Climate Institute}, year = {2020}, month = dec, url = {https://climatechoices.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tip-of-the-Iceberg-_-CoCC-_-Institute-_-Recomendations.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }