global-climate-and-health-alliance-healthy-ndcs-3.0-05778a33373f8409.pdf

The report evaluates the health integration of NDCs from several countries, finding that while many recognize the health benefits of climate mitigation, most lack measurable health targets, dedicated funding for health adaptation, and alignment with 1.5°C pathways. It provides specific analyses for countries including Brazil, the UK, and the UAE, and offers recommendations for 'Healthy NDCs 3.0' that prioritize health as a central pillar of climate action.

• A review of early NDCs 3.0 reveals a general trend where national climate plans are insufficiently ambitious to protect human health, with the 2024 UNFCCC NDC Synthesis Report suggesting global temperatures could reach 2.1-2.8°C by 2100 if 2030 plans are fully implemented.
• The United Kingdom's NDC is noted for its high ambition, committing to emissions reductions of at least 81% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels, and it explicitly includes a dedicated section on health and air pollution.
• Brazil's 2035 NDC targets a 59% to 67% emissions reduction from 2005 levels, but it lacks measurable health targets and relies on deforestation offsets, which may undermine long-term health goals.
• The United Arab Emirates' NDC 3.0 targets a 47% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 relative to 2019 levels, but the report describes it as a "greenwashing exercise" due to heavy reliance on offsets and continued fossil fuel expansion.
• New Zealand's NDC is criticized for being "shockingly unambitious," aiming for a 51-55% reduction below 2005 levels by 2035, and it contains no references to health considerations or the health impacts of climate change.
• Uruguay's climate strategy is highlighted for its mature governance and energy transition, with over 94% of electricity generated from renewable sources between 2017-2023, though it still lacks explicit health-specific metrics.
• The United States' NDC focuses on legislative frameworks like the Inflation Reduction Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law but lacks a dedicated health sector strategy or specific health metrics.
• Botswana's NDC is praised for its strong prioritization of adaptation, with 11% of prioritized adaptation measures addressing direct health impacts, and a transparent costing framework of USD 6.2 billion.
• Panama's updated NDC shows significant progress by introducing a dedicated public health section and estimating the implementation cost for the health sector at approximately 40 million USD.
• Switzerland's NDC aims for a 65% emissions reduction by 2035 compared to 1990 levels but is criticized for the absence of health-related climate actions and a reliance on international carbon trading.

APA

Aleina, F. C., & Beagley, J. (2025). global-climate-and-health-alliance-healthy-ndcs-3.0-05778a33373f8409.pdf. Global Climate and Health Alliance. https://climateandhealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Global-Climate-and-Health-Alliance-Healthy-NDCs-3.0.pdf

Chicago

Aleina, Fabio Cresto, and Jess Beagley. global-climate-and-health-alliance-healthy-ndcs-3.0-05778a33373f8409.pdf. Global Climate and Health Alliance, 2025. https://climateandhealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Global-Climate-and-Health-Alliance-Healthy-NDCs-3.0.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Aleina |first1=Fabio Cresto |last2=Beagley |first2=Jess |title=global-climate-and-health-alliance-healthy-ndcs-3.0-05778a33373f8409.pdf |publisher=Global Climate and Health Alliance |date=February 2025 |url=https://climateandhealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Global-Climate-and-Health-Alliance-Healthy-NDCs-3.0.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{aleina2025globalclimateandhealthalliancehealthyndcs3005778a33373f8409pdf, author = {Aleina, Fabio Cresto and Beagley, Jess}, title = {{global-climate-and-health-alliance-healthy-ndcs-3.0-05778a33373f8409.pdf}}, institution = {Global Climate and Health Alliance}, year = {2025}, month = feb, url = {https://climateandhealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Global-Climate-and-Health-Alliance-Healthy-NDCs-3.0.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }