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This methodological appendix describes the quantitative models used to analyze access to the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf) in Brazilian municipalities, using data from the 2017 Agricultural Census.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes barriers to accessing the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf) in Brazil. It identifies significant regional disparities in credit access, highlighting that technical assistance and rural extension (ATER) and membership in cooperatives are critical determinants for obtaining credit. The study emphasizes that while Pronaf is essential for financial resilience, it must be integrated with complementary public policies to enhance the productive and climate resilience of family farmers.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes financial flows for the bioeconomy in Brazil between 2021 and 2023. It identifies a significant concentration of funding in planted forests and bioenergy, while highlighting a substantial funding gap for biodiversity-based products and native forests, particularly in the North region.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes inequalities in access to rural credit for family farmers in Brazil, focusing on the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf). It finds that credit access is limited and unevenly distributed, favoring larger properties, the South region, and grain production, while smaller producers and those in the North and Northeast regions remain largely excluded.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) analyzes the distribution channels for rural credit in Brazil. It argues that the current design of financial services, characterized by a complex and geographically uneven network of banks and cooperatives, creates additional uncertainty for farmers. The brief highlights a mismatch between the supply of credit and the actual agricultural potential of different regions, suggesting that simplifying the structure of rural credit could improve policy effectiveness and resource allocation.

This research paper examines the diffusion of the Direct Planting System (DPS) in Brazil, a high-productivity agricultural technique that reduces soil erosion and greenhouse gas emissions. The authors argue that while DPS offers higher revenues and lower costs without significant upfront financial barriers, its adoption is hindered by the need for site-specific adaptation. Using data from the 2006 Brazilian agricultural census and soil maps, the study demonstrates that geographic soil heterogeneity acts as a barrier to social learning, reducing adoption rates most significantly at intermediate levels of technology penetration.

This report section presents findings from the Malawi National Crime Victimisation Survey regarding public and victim perceptions of who commits crimes and the motivations behind them. It highlights a strong belief that crime is committed by local residents and driven by economic necessity, while noting a lack of xenophobic perceptions regarding criminal activity.