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This technical appendix from RMI provides a detailed overview of thirteen services that battery energy storage can provide to customers, Independent System Operators (ISOs), Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), and utilities. It categorizes these services by stakeholder benefit and time scale, providing definitions, technical backgrounds, and estimated value ranges for each. The document also details the valuation and dispatch methodologies used in four specific use cases across the U.S. and includes a meta-study of six influential energy storage valuation publications from the past decade.

The World Resources Institute (WRI) developed a dataset of U.S. school bus fleets by requesting records from state governments between March and November 2022. Covering 46 states and the District of Columbia, the data includes fuel types, model years, and seating capacities to help plan for electrification and grid upgrades. The dataset excludes four states (Colorado, Hawaii, Louisiana, and New Hampshire) and all U.S. territories.