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The authors propose a heuristic framework to bridge the gap between governance research and technological innovation systems (TIS). By integrating the TIS approach with the multi-level perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions, the framework allows researchers to analyse the causal relationship between governance arrangements—defined by who governs, how they govern, and what is governed—and the functionality of an innovation system over time. The authors argue that the effectiveness of governance depends on the TIS's stability and its alignment with existing socio-technical regimes.