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The report examines the operations of mineral and metal commodity trading companies, highlighting their role as intermediaries and financiers for mining companies, particularly small-scale producers in emerging economies. It identifies that while most traders operate independently—reducing the risk of transfer pricing—their lack of transparency and use of complex corporate structures can facilitate tax evasion and corruption. The document specifically analyzes risks associated with 'metal streaming' and prepayments, which can shift wealth from host countries to investors. It recommends that host governments implement mandatory contract registration, use internationally recognized pricing for tax calculations, and strengthen financial disclosure requirements for private trading firms.

The report examines the operational and financial models of mineral and metal trading companies, highlighting their role as intermediaries and financiers for small and medium-sized mining firms. It concludes that while these companies generally operate on an arm's length basis, their inherent opacity and the use of complex financial arrangements, such as streaming agreements, create potential fiscal risks for host governments. The document recommends enhancing transparency through the EITI, implementing mandatory contract registration, and using globally recognized pricing for tax calculations.

The report analyzes the reallocation of IDR 211 trillion (USD 15.6 billion) in fuel subsidy savings in Indonesia during 2015. It finds that funds were primarily redirected toward ministries' budgets, capital injections for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and regional transfer funds. The study concludes that this shift from consumption to productive investment is aligned with the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015–2019, likely generating higher GDP and employment, and reducing the budget's vulnerability to international oil price volatility.