Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in U.S. States

This report analyzes the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) NOx Budget Program to provide recommendations for U.S. states designing market-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading systems.

• The Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) NOx Budget Program was the first multilateral cap-and-trade system for air pollutant emissions and demonstrated effectiveness across economic, environmental, and administrative dimensions. Between 1999 and 2002, the program achieved significant reductions in annual emissions without negatively impacting the region's economic vitality.
• The state-led OTC NOx Budget Program served as a precursor to broader federal action, as it was incorporated into a larger federal system starting in 2003. The report suggests that state-level initiatives for GHG emissions can similarly drive near-term innovation in technologies and strategies, potentially facilitating future national-scale controls to address global emissions.

APA

World Resources Institute (n.d.). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in U.S. States. https://www.wri.org/research/greenhouse-gas-emissions-trading-us-states

Chicago

World Resources Institute. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in U.S. States. n.d. https://www.wri.org/research/greenhouse-gas-emissions-trading-us-states.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=World Resources Institute |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in U.S. States |url=https://www.wri.org/research/greenhouse-gas-emissions-trading-us-states |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{worldresourcesinstitutendgreenhouse, author = {{World Resources Institute}}, title = {{Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in U.S. States}}, institution = {World Resources Institute}, url = {https://www.wri.org/research/greenhouse-gas-emissions-trading-us-states}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }