Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO

The document examines the struggle to implement a participatory management system for Bali's UNESCO World Heritage cultural landscape. It highlights that while the Subak (traditional farmer organisations) possess the democratic organisational capacity to manage the land, they face existential threats from high ritual costs, water scarcity, land conversion, and a lack of youth interest in farming. The brief argues that successful preservation requires moving away from top-down bureaucracy toward a model that actively integrates Subak leadership and addresses the economic viability of traditional organic farming.

• The Subak system, based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy of harmony between humans, nature, and the spiritual realm, is essential for the Bali Province Cultural Landscape, but its survival is threatened by rapid socio-economic changes.
• Initial management of the World Heritage Site was hindered by a top-down 'Management Board' (Dewan Pengelola) that lacked inclusivity and failed to involve key local actors such as the Raja of Tabanan, the Pemangku Adat Batukaru, and the pekaseh (Subak leaders).
• High costs associated with essential spiritual rituals are driving farmers away from traditional local rice varieties toward new varieties that require fewer rituals and shorter growing cycles.
• The Subak face several critical systemic threats, including decreasing water availability due to tourism priority, high land taxes that incentivise the sale of farmland, and a lack of interest in agriculture among the younger generation.
• While tourism contributes significantly to Bali's economy—providing nearly 30% of the GDP in 2013—it poses a risk to the cultural landscape through increased waste, water demand, and unplanned development.
• Subak farmers are willing to maintain traditional organic farming and participate in site management if provided with technical support, input subsidies, and a formal mechanism for participation through the Forum Pekaseh Catur Angga Batukaru.

APA

Davis, M., Salamanca, A., Nugroho, A., Osbeck, M., Bharwani, S., & Dwisasanti, N. (2015). Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO. Stockholm Environment Institute. https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape-BahasaInd.pdf

Chicago

Davis, Marion, Albert Salamanca, Agus Nugroho, Maria Osbeck, Sukaina Bharwani, and Nina Dwisasanti. Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2015. https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape-BahasaInd.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Davis |first1=Marion |last2=Salamanca |first2=Albert |last3=Nugroho |first3=Agus |last4=Osbeck |first4=Maria |last5=Bharwani |first5=Sukaina |last6=Dwisasanti |first6=Nina |title=Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO |publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute |date=2015 |url=https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape-BahasaInd.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{davis2015mengelola, author = {Davis, Marion and Salamanca, Albert and Nugroho, Agus and Osbeck, Maria and Bharwani, Sukaina and Dwisasanti, Nina}, title = {{Mengelola lanskap budaya hidup: pembelajaran dan wawasan dari Subak Bali, sebuah Situs Warisan Budaya Dunia UNESCO}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PB-2015-Bali-cultural-landscape-BahasaInd.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }