Uuringu_kokkuvote.doc

This report, published by the Stockholm Environment Institute in November 2009, presents a calculation and simulation model for the social costs of land transport in Estonia. It estimates the total external costs for 2007, breaks them down by cost type and vehicle category, and analyzes the extent to which these costs are internalized through existing taxes and fees.

• In 2007, the total external costs of land transport in Estonia were 7.637 billion EEK, representing 3.1% of the GDP. The largest contributors were traffic accidents (2.163 billion EEK), air pollution (1.834 billion EEK), and noise (1.253 billion EEK).
• Passenger cars are the primary source of external costs across nearly all categories, totaling 4.3 billion EEK. The only exceptions are noise and soil/water pollution, where heavy goods vehicles (trucks) are the largest contributors.
• Compared to an average of 15 old EU member states, Hungary, and Switzerland (via the UNITE project), Estonia has significantly higher costs from traffic accidents (0.9% of GDP vs 0.46%) but lower congestion costs (0.2% of GDP vs 1.11%).
• The internalization of external costs through taxes and fees in 2007 was 5.6 billion EEK (73% of total external costs) if the full fuel excise duty is included. However, if the portion of fuel excise duty allocated to road maintenance is excluded, the internalized amount drops to 2.3 billion EEK, or 30.6% of external costs.
• The report estimates that the use of studded tires in Estonia causes an indicative external cost of approximately 269 to 272 million EEK due to PM10 emissions resulting from road surface wear.
• The authors argue that current Estonian taxes are not closely linked to environmental friendliness. Specifically, the heavy vehicle tax is based on mass and axle count rather than vehicle age or emissions, and fuel excise duty is ineffective for internalizing location-specific costs like congestion.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (n.d.). Uuringu_kokkuvote.doc. https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4440.pdf

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. Uuringu_kokkuvote.doc. n.d. https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4440.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=Uuringu_kokkuvote.doc |url=https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4440.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitutenduuringukokkuvotedoc, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{Uuringu\_kokkuvote.doc}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, url = {https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/4440.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }