Carbon offsets and jet fuel alternatives for international aviation

This research paper evaluates the availability of carbon offsets and alternative jet fuels to support the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) goal of carbon-neutral growth for international aviation from 2020 onward.

• International aviation CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion were estimated at 490.4 million metric tons in 2013 (approximately 1.5% of global emissions), with projections increasing to 682–755 million tons by 2020 and 1223–1376 million tons by 2035.
• Carbon offsets from projects with high confidence in environmental integrity and sustainable development goals could provide 3.0 gigatons (Gt) CO2e in reductions, covering 70–90% of ICAO's projected demand of 3.3–4.5 Gt CO2e. Expanding eligibility to medium-confidence projects increases supply to 4.6 Gt CO2e, and neutral development impact projects to 5.1 Gt CO2e, while REDD+ programmes could add 2.4 Gt CO2e.
• The use of biofuels with strong sustainability certification and minimal land use change impacts is estimated to avoid 0.1–0.3 Gt CO2e of emissions, though this supply is subject to higher uncertainties.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (2016). Carbon offsets and jet fuel alternatives for international aviation. https://www.sei.org/publications/carbon-offsets-aviation/

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. Carbon offsets and jet fuel alternatives for international aviation. 2016. https://www.sei.org/publications/carbon-offsets-aviation/.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=Carbon offsets and jet fuel alternatives for international aviation |date=3 June 2016 |url=https://www.sei.org/publications/carbon-offsets-aviation/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitute2016carbon, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{Carbon offsets and jet fuel alternatives for international aviation}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2016}, month = jun, url = {https://www.sei.org/publications/carbon-offsets-aviation/}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }