Marine Trade-offs

The research evaluates public preference and welfare effects regarding the siting of wind farms versus marine protected areas off the coast of Estonia. Using a latent class mixed logit model, the study finds that while conventional wind farms are generally opposed in favor of marine protected areas, 'environmentally-friendly' wind farms provide welfare benefits that are not statistically different from those of marine protected areas.

• Respondents generally prefer the creation of marine protected areas over the conversion of marine shoals into conventional wind farms.
• The welfare benefits associated with 'environmentally-friendly' wind farms, a government-considered alternative, are not statistically different from the benefits of establishing a new marine protected area.
• The study demonstrates that the latent class mixed logit model can represent both within- and between-class preference heterogeneity, marking its first application in willingness-to-pay space for environmental goods.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (2016). Marine Trade-offs. https://www.sei.org/publications/marine-trade-offs/

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. Marine Trade-offs. 2016. https://www.sei.org/publications/marine-trade-offs/.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=Marine Trade-offs |date=2 March 2016 |url=https://www.sei.org/publications/marine-trade-offs/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitute2016marine, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{Marine Trade-offs}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2016}, month = mar, url = {https://www.sei.org/publications/marine-trade-offs/}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }