ENERGIZING FINANCE: TAKING THE PULSE 2021

The report analyzes the finance gaps for universal electricity and clean cooking access in Ghana, Mozambique, and Vietnam. It finds that achieving universal Tier 1 electricity and Tier 4 clean cooking access across these three countries will cost between USD 38 billion and 48 billion. The study highlights significant affordability gaps for end-users and a lack of private sector finance, particularly for small and medium enterprises. It recommends a blend of grants, concessional debt, equity, and results-based financing (RBF), alongside regulatory reforms and gender-inclusive policies, to unlock private sector capacity and reach the most vulnerable populations.

• Achieving universal Tier 1 electricity and Tier 4 clean cooking access across Ghana, Mozambique, and Vietnam is estimated to cost between USD 38 billion and 48 billion.
• A more incremental pathway focusing on Tier 1 electricity and Tier 2/Tier 3 clean cooking access would be significantly cheaper, costing approximately USD 2.1 billion.
• Universal Tier 4 clean cooking access is particularly expensive, with costs estimated at USD 37-47 billion across the three countries, primarily driven by fuel costs and the need for subsidies.
• In Ghana, universal Tier 4 clean cooking access is estimated to cost USD 10–13 billion, while universal Tier 2/Tier 3 access to improved cookstoves (ICS) would cost USD 299 million.
• Ghana requires USD 22 million to achieve universal electricity access by 2030, with USD 12 million needed for end-user grants to bridge the affordability gap and USD 10 million for private sector SHS enterprises.
• Mozambique faces a substantial electricity access deficit, requiring approximately USD 1.1 billion for universal access by 2030, with USD 630 million needed to address the consumer affordability gap.
• Universal Tier 4 clean cooking access in Mozambique is estimated to cost USD 8–12 billion, while Tier 2/Tier 3 access via ICS would require USD 570 million.
• Vietnam's universal Tier 4 clean cooking access is estimated to cost USD 19–22 billion, the highest of the three countries due to its larger population. Universal Tier 2/Tier 3 access would cost USD 185 million.
• Private sector finance needs for Tier 1 electricity and Tier 2/Tier 3 cooking across the three countries total about USD 1 billion, with 52 percent (USD 530 million) required as grants due to the nascency of the enterprises.
• Mini-grids are severely constrained by regulatory barriers in Ghana and Mozambique, where they are expected to provide only 1% and 2% of electricity access respectively by 2030 under business-as-usual scenarios.
• Standalone solar home systems (SHS) are projected to be the primary driver for universal electricity access in Mozambique, potentially serving 59 percent of households by 2030.
• Gender disparities significantly impact energy access; women often have lower agency in purchasing decisions and are underrepresented in the energy sector workforce and as entrepreneurs.

APA

Sustainable Energy for All (2021). ENERGIZING FINANCE: TAKING THE PULSE 2021. https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/ES-2021-TP-SEforALL.pdf

Chicago

Sustainable Energy for All. ENERGIZING FINANCE: TAKING THE PULSE 2021. 2021. https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/ES-2021-TP-SEforALL.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Sustainable Energy for All |title=ENERGIZING FINANCE: TAKING THE PULSE 2021 |date=2021 |url=https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/ES-2021-TP-SEforALL.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{sustainableenergyforall2021energizing, author = {{Sustainable Energy for All}}, title = {{ENERGIZING FINANCE: TAKING THE PULSE 2021}}, institution = {Sustainable Energy for All}, year = {2021}, url = {https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/ES-2021-TP-SEforALL.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }